Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods

Functional foods and nutraceuticals have received considerable interest in the past decade largely due to increasing consumer awareness of the health benefits associated with food. Diet in human health is no longer a matter of simple nutrition: consumers are more proactive and increasingly interested in the health benefits of functional foods and their role in the prevention of illness and chronic conditions. This, combined with an aging population that focuses not only on longevity but also quality of life, has created a market for functional foods and nutraceuticals. A fully updated and revised second edition, Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods reflects the recent upsurge in omics technologies and features 48 chapters that cover topics including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenetics, peptidomics, nutrigenomics and human health, transcriptomics, nutriethics and nanotechnology. This cutting–edge volume, written by a panel of experts from around the globe reviews the latest developments in the field with an emphasis on the application of these novel technologies to functional foods and nutraceuticals. INDICE: Contributors xxiv .Preface xxxi .Part I Introduction 1 .1 Novel Omics Technologies in Food Nutrition 3Xuewu Zhang, Lijun You, Wei Wang, and Kaijun Xiao .1.1 Introduction 3 .1.2 Transcriptomics in Nutritional Research 4 .1.3 Proteomics in Nutritional Research 5 .1.4 Metabolomics in Nutritional Research 7 .1.5 Systems Biology in Nutritional Research 9 .1.6 Conclusions 9 .References 10 .2 Seafood Authentication using Foodomics: Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Genomics 14Karola Böhme, Jorge Barros ]Velázquez, Pilar Calo ]Mata, José M. Gallardo, and Ignacio Ortea .2.1 Introduction 14 .2.2 Proteomic Approaches 15 .2.3 Metabolomic Approaches 19 .2.4 Genomic Approaches 20 .2.5 Conclusions 25 .References 26 .3 A Foodomics Approach Reveals Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Red Microalgae 31Irit Dvir, Aliza H. Stark, and Shoshana (Malis) Arad .3.1 Introduction 31 .3.2 Marine Functional Foods and Supplements 32 .3.2.1 Algae as a Functional Food 32 .3.2.2 The Nutritional Value of Algae 32 .3.3 Microalgae 33 .3.3.1 Red Microalgae 34 .3.3.2 Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Microalgae 34 .3.3.3 Red Microalgae as a Hypocholesterolemic Agent 35 .3.4 Summary 37 .References 37 .Part II Genomics 41 .4 Gene ]Diet Interaction and Weight Management 43Lu Qi .4.1 Introduction 43 .4.2 Diet and Lifestyle Modifications in Weight Management 44 .4.3 The Role of Genetic Factors in Determining Body Weight and Weight Loss 44 .4.4 Gene ]Diet Interactions on Body Weight and Risk of Obesity 46 .4.5 Gene ]Diet Interactions on Weight Loss in Randomized Clinical Trials 47 .4.6 Gene ]Diet Interactions on Weight Maintenance 48 .4.7 Personalized Weight Management through Diet and Lifestyle Modifications 49 .4.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks 50 .Acknowledgments 50 .References 50 .5 NutrimiRomics: The Promise of a New Discipline in Nutrigenomics 53Amitava Das and Chandan K. Sen .5.1 Introduction 53 .5.2 miRomics: A New Cornerstone 56 .5.3 Nutrigenomics and miR 57 .References 58 .6 Genomics as a Tool to Characterize Anti ]inflammatory Nutraceuticals 61Amitava Das, Scott Chaffee, and Sashwati Roy .6.1 Chronic Inflammation in Disease 61 .6.1.1 Vascular Disorders 61 .6.1.2 Respiratory Disorders 62 .6.1.3 Gastrointestinal Tract 62 .6.1.4 Neurodegenerative Diseases 63 .6.1.5 Cancer 63 .6.1.6 Rheumatic Diseases 63 .6.2 Nutraceuticals in the Management of Chronic Inflammation 64 .6.3 GeneChipTM as a Tool to Characterize the Anti ]Inflammatory Properties of Nutraceuticals 65 .References 68 .7 Nutrigenomics, Inflammaging, and Osteoarthritis: A Review 71Ali Mobasheri, Richard Barrett ]Jolley, Caroline A. Staunton, Chris Ford, and Yves Henrotin .7.1 Introduction 71 .7.2 Osteoarthritis (OA) 72 .7.3 Antioxidants and the Inflammatory Microenvironment 73 .7.4 Inflammaging 75 .7.5 Nutrigenomics 76 .7.6 Muscle Inflammation in OA 77 .7.7 Conclusions 80 .Acknowledgments, Competing Interests, and Disclosures 80 .References 80 .8 Genetic Basis of Anti ]Inflammatory Properties of Boswellia Extracts 85Golakoti Trimurtulu, Chandan K. Sen, Alluri V. Krishnaraju, Kiran Bhupathiraju, and Krishanu Sengupta .8.1 Introduction 85 .8.2 Boswellia serrata 86 .8.3 Mechanism of Action 87 .8.4 Development of 5 ]LOXIN® (BE ]30) 87 .8.4.1 Genetic Basis for Efficacy of 5 ]LOXIN® (BE ]30) 88 .8.5 Gene Chip Probe Array Analysis 88 .8.6 Proteomics 89 .8.7 Molecular Basis of Anti ]Inflammatory Properties of 5 ]LOXIN® 95 .8.8 In vivo Studies 96 .8.9 Safety of 5 ]LOXIN® 96 .8.10 Clinical Efficacy of 5 ]LOXIN® in the Management of Osteoarthritis 97 .8.11 An Advanced 5 ]LOXIN®: Aflapin® 99 .8.12 Conclusion 100 .References 100 .9 Cancer Chemopreventive Phytochemicals Targeting NF ] B and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways 102Hye ]Kyung Na and Young ]Joon Surh .9.1 Introduction 102 .9.2 Molecular ]Based Cancer Chemoprevention 104 .9.3 Nuclear Factor ]Kappa B (NF ] B) 105 .9.3.1 Curcumin 106 .9.3.2 [6] ]Gingerol 107 .9.3.3 Capsaicin 107 .9.3.4 Resveratrol 107 .9.3.5 Quercetin 108 .9.3.6 Sulforaphane 108 .9.3.7 Genistein 108 .9.4 Nrf2 108 .9.4.1 Sulforaphane 109 .9.4.2 Curcuminoids 111 .9.4.3 EGCG 111 .9.4.4 Allyl Sulfides 111 .9.4.5 Resveratrol 112 .9.4.6 Pungent Vanilloids 112 .9.4.7 Lycopene 112 .9.4.8 Coffee ]Derived Diterpenes 113 .9.4.9 Carnosol 113 .9.4.10 Xanthohumol 113 .9.4.11 Zerumbone 113 .9.4.12 Chalcones 114 .9.5 Interplay/Crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF ] B Signaling Pathways 114 .9.6 Conclusion 115 .Acknowledgment 116 .References 116 .10 The Beneficial Health Effects of Fucoxanthin 122Kazuo Miyashita and Masashi Hosokawa .10.1 Introduction 122 .10.2 The Beneficial Health Effects of Carotenoids as Antioxidants 124 .10.3 Anticancer Activity of Fucoxanthin 124 .10.4 Anti ]Obesity Effects of Fucoxanthin 126 .10.5 Anti ]Diabetic Effects of Fucoxanthin 127 .10.6 Conclusion 130 .References 131 .11 Nutrition, Genomics, and Human Health: A Complex Mechanism for Wellness 135Okezie I. Aruoma .11.1 Introduction 135 .11.2 Nutrition Sciences and Clinical Applications in Nutritional Genomics 136 .References 139 .12 Application of Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis in Exploratory Study of Functional Foods 140Kohsuke Hayamizu and Aiko Manji .12.1 Introduction 140 .12.2 Analysis Tools 141 .12.2.1 GeneSpring GX 141 .12.2.2 Bioconductor 141 .12.2.3 Others 141 .12.3 Interpretation Tools 142 .12.3.1 Go Analysis Tools 142 .12.3.2 Pathway Analysis Tools 142 .12.3.3 Association Network Analysis Tools 143 .12.4 Application Example of Kale (Brassica oleracea L. Var Acephala DC) 143 .12.4.1 Animal Study and DNA Microarray Analysis 144 .12.4.2 Data Analysis 144 .12.4.3 Result 146 .12.5 Conclusion 148 .References 149 .13 Omics Analysis and Databases for Plant Science 150Masaaki Kobayashi, Hajime Ohyanagi, and Kentaro Yano .13.1 Introduction 150 .13.2 NGS Technologies and Data Processing 151 .13.3 De novo Plant Genome Assembly by NGS 151 .13.3.1 Basics of Plant Genome Assembly 151 .13.3.2 Plant Genome Assembly by NGS Short Reads 152 .13.3.3 Hybrid ]Type Assembly 152 .13.4 Plant Genome Resequencing by NGS 153 .13.4.1 Conventional Resequencing Technologies 153 .13.4.2 GBS/RAD ]Seq 154 .13.5 Plant Transcriptome Analysis by NGS 154 .13.5.1 Transcriptome Analysis with Reference Genome Sequences 154 .13.5.2 Reference ]Free Transcriptome Analysis 154 .13.6 Plant Genome and Annotation Databases 154 .13.6.1 TAIR (Arabidopsis) 154 .13.6.2 RAP ]DB (Rice) 155 .13.6.3 Other Plants 155 .13.7 Plant Omics Databases 155 .13.7.1 Transcriptome Databases 155 .13.7.2 Gene Expression Network Databases 156 .13.7.3 Metabolic Pathway Databases 156 .13.7.4 Other Databases for Omics Integration 156 .13.8 Conclusion 156 .References 157 .14 Synergistic Plant Genomics and Molecular Breeding Approaches for Ensuring Food Security 160Shouvik Das and Swarup K. Parida .14.1 Introduction 160 .14.2 Plant Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics Resources 161 .14.3 Molecular Markers in Plant Genome Analysis 163 .14.3.1 Microsatellite Markers 164 .14.3.2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers 166 .14.4 Identification of Functionally Relevant Molecular Tags Governing Agronomic Traits 167 .14.4.1 Plant Genetic Resources Rich in Trait Diversity 167 .14.4.2 High ]Throughput Phenotyping 168 .14.4.3 High ]Throughput Marker Genotyping 168 .14.4.4 Identification and Mapping of QTLs/Genes 168 .14.4.5 Trait Association Mapping 170 .14.5 Genomics ]Assisted Crop Improvement 170 .References 175 .15 Combinatorial Approaches Utilizing Nutraceuticals in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy: A Complementary Shift with Promising Acuity 185Madhulika Singh and Yogeshwer Shukla .15.1 Introduction 185 .15.2 Nutraceuticals 187 .15.3 Nutraceuticals and Key Events in Cancer Development 189 .15.3.1 Inflammation 189 .15.3.2 Oxidative Stress 189 .15.3.3 Antiproliferation 190 .15.3.4 Cell ]Cycle Arrest 190 .15.3.5 Apoptosis 190 .15.3.6 Transforming Growth Factor ] (TGF ] )/Smad Signaling Pathway 191 .15.3.7 ]Catenin 191 .15.4 Nutraceuticals in Combinatorial Therapy of Human Cancer: A Pledge of the Future 191 .15.4.1 Nutraceuticals in Cruciferous Vegetables: Potential for Combination Therapy 191 .15.4.2 Indole ]3 ]Carbinol (I3C) and Combinations 192 .15.4.3 Phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC) and Combinations 192 .15.4.4 Sulforaphane (SFN) and Combinations 193 .15.4.5 Synergism among Cruciferous Compounds 194 .15.4.6 Combinations of Cruciferous Compounds with Conventional Cancer Chemotherapeutics 194 .15.5 Curcumin: Potential for Combination Therapy 195 .15.5.1 Curcumin with Xanthorrhizol 196 .15.5.2 Curcumin with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Present in Fish Oil) 196 .15.5.3 Curcumin and Genistein 196 .15.5.4 Curcumin and Resveratrol 197 .15.5.5 Curcumin and EGCG 197 .15.5.6 Curcumin and Citrus Limonoids 197 .15.5.7 Curcumin with Apigenin 197 .15.5.8 Curcumin and Triptolide 198 .15.5.9 Combinations of Curcumin with Conventional Cancer Chemotherapeutics 198 .15.6 Resveratrol: Potential for Combination Therapy 199 .15.6.1 Resveratrol and Genistein 199 .15.6.2 Resveratrol and Piperine 200 .15.6.3 Resveratrol and Black Tea Polyphenols 200 .15.6.4 Resveratrol and Melatonin 200 .15.6.5 Synergism among Resveratrol and Other Grapes Polyphenols 200 .15.6.6 Resveratrol in Combination with Anticancer Drugs 201 .15.7 Lycopene (a Carotenoid): Potential for Combinations Therapy 202 .15.7.1 Lycopene and Genistein 202 .15.7.2 Lycopene and Sc ]allyl Cysteine 202 .15.7.3 Lycopene and 1,25 ]Dihydroxyvitamin D3 202 .15.7.4 Lycopene with Selenium 203 .15.7.5 Lycopene and FruHis (Ketosamine) 203 .15.7.6 Combination of Lycopene with Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs 203 .15.8 Soy Nutraceuticals: Potential for Combination Therapy 203 .15.8.1 Genistein and Daidzein 203 .15.8.2 Genistein and 3,3 ]Diindolylmethane 203 .15.8.3 Genistein and Capsaicin 204 .15.8.4 Combination of Genistein with Conventional Cancer Chemotherapeutics 204 .15.9 Tea Polyphenols Potential for Combinatorial Therapy 204 .15.9.1 Green Tea and Quercetin 205 .15.9.2 EGCG and Soy Phytochemical 205 .15.9.3 EGCG and Thymoquinone 205 .15.9.4 EGCG and Trichostatin A 205 .15.9.5 EGCG and Luteolin 205 .15.9.6 EGCG and Pterostilbene (a Stilbenoid Derived from Blueberries) 205 .15.9.7 EGCG and Panaxadiol 206 .15.9.8 Polyphenon E 206 .15.9.9 EGCG with Conventional Cancer Chemotherapy 206 .15.10 D ]Limonene: Potential for Combination Therapy 207 .15.10.1 D ]Limonene and Chemotherapeutic Drugs 207 .15.11 Miscellaneous: Novel Nutraceuticals Formulation 207 .15.11.1 Coltect: A Dietary Supplement 207 .15.11.2 BreastDefend: A Natural Dietary Supplement 208 .15.11.3 ProstaCaid: A Dietary Supplement 208 .15.12 Conclusion 208 .References 208 .16 Nutrigenomic Approaches to Understanding the Transcriptional and Metabolic Responses of Phytochemicals to Diet ]Induced Obesity and its Complications 218Myung ]Sook Choi and Eun ]Young Kwon .16.1 Introduction 218 .16.2 Nutrigenomics 219 .16.2.1 Tools for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology 219 .16.3 Obesity and Cardiometabolic Syndrome 222 .16.3.1 Obesity 222 .16.3.2 Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obesity 223 .16.3.3 Obesity and Cardiometabolic Syndrome: A Possible Role for Nutrigenomics 224 .16.4 Anti ]Obesity Action of Luteolin 225 .16.5 Conclusion 226 .Acknowledgments 226 .References 226 .17 Going Beyond the Current Native Nutritional Food Through the Integration of the Omic Data in the Post ]Genomic Era: A Study in (Resistant) Starch Systems Biology 230Treenut Saithong and Saowalak Kalapanulak .17.1 Introduction 230 .17.2 Starch and its Yield Improvement in Plants 231 .17.3 An Extension of the (Resistant) Starch Yield Improvement Research on the Systems Biology Regime: Integration of the Omic Data from the Post ]Genomic Technology 233 .References 239 .Part III Proteomics 243 .18 Proteomics and Nutrition Research: An Overview 245Arun K. Tewari, Sudhasri Mohanty, and Sashwati Roy .18.1 Introduction 245 .18.2 Proteomics 245 .18.2.1 Proteomics Tools and Technologies 246 .18.3 Nutrition and Proteins 246 .18.4 Nutritional Biomarkers 248 .18.5 Nutritional Bioactives 248 .18.5.1 Wheat Proteins 248 .18.5.2 Vitamins 248 .18.5.3 Glucose 249 .18.5.4 Wine and Soy Nutrients 249 .18.6 Diet ]Based Proteomics Application to Animal Products (Livestock Applications) 249 .18.7 Proteomics and Food Safety 249 .18.8 Conclusion 249 .18.9 Significance 250 .Conflict of Interests 250 .References 250 .19 Proteomics Analysis for the Functionality of Toona sinensis 253Sue ]Joan Chang and Chun ]Yung Huang .19.1 Introduction 253 .19.2 Toona sinensis 253 .19.2.1 Functions of Toona sinensis Leaf Extracts (TSLs) 254 .19.2.2 Preparation of TSLs 254 .19.3 TSLs Regulate Functions of Testes/Spermatozoa 254 .19.3.1 TSL ]2 Exhibits Pro ]oxidants but Protects Germ Cells from Apoptosis 254 .19.3.2 TSL ]2P Exhibits Prooxidant Properties and Impairs Sperm Maturation 255 .19.3.3 TSL ]6 Exhibits Antioxidant Properties and Enhances Sperm Functions 255 .19.4 TSLs Regulate Liver Metabolism 257 .19.4.1 TSL ]CE Decreases Gluconeogenesis 257 .19.4.2 TSL ]CE Enhances Lipolysis 258 .19.4.3 TSL ]CE Decreases Glutamate Metabolism 258 .19.4.4 TSL ]CE Alleviates Oxidative Stress 259 .19.4.5 TSL ]CE Increases Protein Kinase C 260 .19.4.6 TSL ]CE Activates the PPAR / Pathway 260 .19.4.7 TSL ]CE Inhibits the Polyol Pathway 260 .19.5 TSL as a Novel Antioxidant 261 .19.6 Possible Active Compounds in TSL Extracts 261 .19.7 Conclusion 261 .References 262 .20 Proteomic Approaches to Identify Novel Therapeutics and Nutraceuticals from Filamentous Fungi: Prospects and Challenges 265Samudra Prosad Banik, Suman Khowala, Chiranjib Pal, and Soumya Mukherjee .20.1 Introduction 265 .20.2 Mushroom Derived Immunomodulators and their Target Cells in the Immune System 266 .20.2.1 Macrophages 266 .20.2.2 Dendritic Cells 266 .20.2.3 NK Cells 269 .20.3 Mushroom Derived Metabolites in Treating Cancer 271 .20.4 Mushroom Derived Metabolites in Infectious Diseases 271 .20.5 Fungal Enzymes as Therapeutics and Dietary Supplements 274 .20.6 Identification and Characterization of Mushroom Derived Bioactive Therapeutics 275 .20.6.1 Proteomic Methodologies for Characterization of Fungal Complexes 276 .20.7 Challenges in Intracellular Proteome Preparation 279 .20.8 Challenges in Extracellular Proteome Preparation 279 .20.9 New Generation MS Technologies to Track the Dynamic Proteome 280 .20.10 Glycoproteomics: A New Arsenal in the Proteomic Toolbox 280 .20.11 Glycoproteomics of Filamentous Fungi 281 .20.12 High ]Throughput Approaches to Decipher Fungal Glycan Structures 282 .20.13 Challenges in MS Studies of Glycans/Glycopeptides 284 .20.14 Optimized MS Instrumentation for Glycan Analysis 284 .20.15 Tandem Mass Spectrometry 285 .20.16 Bioinformatics for Glycoproteomics: Hitting Databases with MS Peaks 285 .20.17 Predicting Glycan Structures with Computational Tools 286 .20.18 Concluding Remarks: The Road Ahead 287 .Acknowledgment 287 .References 287 .21 Proteomics and Metaproteomics for Studying Probiotic Activity 296Rosa Anna Siciliano and Maria Fiorella Mazzeo .21.1 Introduction 296 .21.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Probiotic Action as Studied by Proteomics 297 .21.2.1 Adaptation Mechanisms to GIT Environment 297 .21.2.2 Adhesion Mechanisms to the Host Mucosa 298 .21.2.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Probiotic Immunomodulatory Effects 299 .21.3 Probiotics and Prebiotics 299 .21.4 Investigation on Human Microbiota Dynamics by Proteomics 300 .21.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 301 .References 301 .22 Proteomics Approach to Assess the Potency of Dietary Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins and Dimeric Procyanidin B2 304Hai ]qing Gao, Bao ]ying Li, Mei Cheng, Xiao ]li Li, Fei Yu, and Zhen Zhang .22.1 Chemoprotective Properties of GSPs 305 .22.1.1 Components and Molecules 305 .22.1.2 Antioxidant Effects 305 .22.1.3 Anti ]Nonenzymatic Glycation and Anti ]Inflammation Effects 305 .22.1.4 Protective Effects on the Cardiovascular System 306 .22.1.5 Protective Effects on Diabetes and its Complications 307 .22.1.6 Anti ]Aging Effects 308 .22.1.7 Anti ]Oncogenesis Effects 308 .22.1.8 Effect on Wound Healing 309 .22.1.9 Anti ]Osteoporosis 309 .22.2 Proteomic Platform 309 .22.2.1 Based on Two ]Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2 ]DE) Proteomics 309 .22.2.2 Gel ]Free Proteomics 310 .22.2.3 Protein Chips 311 .22.3 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSPs 311 .22.3.1 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSP in the Brain of Normal Rats 311 .22.3.2 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSP in Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy 312 .22.3.3 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSPB2 in the Aorta of db/db Mice 314 .22.3.4 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSPB2 in the Kidneys of db/db Mice 315 .22.4 Functional Confirmation of Proteins 317 .22.5 Future Perspectives 317 .Acknowledgments 317 .References 318 .23 Genomic and Proteomic Approaches to Lung Transplantation: Identifying Relevant Biomarkers to Improve Surgical Outcome 321John Noel, Ronald Carnemola, and Shampa Chatterjee .23.1 Introduction 321 .23.2 Lung Transplantation 322 .23.2.1 A Case of Ischemia ]Reperfusion (I/R) 322 .23.2.2 The I/R Signaling Cascade 322 .23.3 Challenges of Lung Transplantation 323 .23.3.1 Oxidative Damage and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome 323 .23.3.2 Oxidative Damage and Inflammation 323 .23.4 Inflammatory Biomarkers with Lung Rejection: Markers of Inflammation Signaling such as CAMs, Chemokines, and Cytokines and their Status with Transplants 324 .23.4.1 Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines 324 .23.4.2 Cellular Adhesion Molecules 324 .23.5 Microarray Technology to Identify Transplant Rejection Biomarkers 324 .23.6 Challenges and Future Directions 325 .References 325 .24 Proteomics in Understanding the Molecular Basis of Phytochemicals for Health 328Jung Yeon Kwon, Sanguine Byun, and Ki Won Lee .24.1 Introduction 328 .24.2 Proteomics in Phytochemical Research in Cancer Prevention 329 .24.2.1 Genistein 329 .24.2.2 Curcumin 330 .24.2.3 Sulforaphane and ]Phenylethyl Isothiocyanate 330 .24.2.4 Apigenin 7 ]Glucoside 331 .24.2.5 Quercetin 331 .24.3 Perspectives 331 .24.4 Proteomics in Phytochemical Research for Metabolic Diseases 333 .24.5 Proteomics for Neuroprotective Phytochemicals 333 .24.6 Proteomics for Phytochemicals with Other Functions for Health Benefits 334 .24.7 Conclusions 334 .References 335 .25 Genomics/Proteomics of NEXT ]II®, a Novel Water ]Soluble, Undenatured Type II Collagen in Joint Health Care 338Orie Yoshinari, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, Manashi Bagchi, and Debasis Bagchi .25.1 Introduction 338 .25.2 Mechanism of RA 339 .25.3 About NEXT ]II® 340 .25.3.1 Preparation of NEXT ]II® 341 .25.3.2 Safety of NEXT ]II® 341 .25.3.3 Efficacy of NEXT ]II® in Collagen ]Induced Arthritic Mice 342 .25.4 Hypothesized Mechanism of NEXT ]II® 342 .25.5 Future Perspectives 343 .25.6 Conclusion 343 .References 343 .Part IV Metabolomics 347 .26 Harnessing Metabolic Diversity for Nutraceutical Plant Breeding 349Ashish Saxena and Vicki L. Schlegel .26.1 What is Metabolomics? 349 .26.2 Nutraceuticals 350 .26.3 Importance of Secondary Metabolites 350 .26.4 Complementing Plant Breeding with Omics 351 .26.5 Nutraceutical Breeding 352 .26.6 Crop Quality 353 .26.7 Metabolomics and Plant Stresses 353 .26.8 Food Safety 354 .26.9 Future 354 .References 354 .27 Metabolomics and Fetal ]Neonatal Nutrition: An Overview 357Angelica Dessì, Flaminia Cesare Marincola, and Vassilios Fanos .27.1 Introduction 357 .27.2 IUGR and LGA: Fetal Programming 358 .27.3 Metabolomics in Nutritional Research 358 .27.4 Nutrimetabolomics in Animal Models 360 .27.5 Nutrimetabolomics in Human Models 361 .27.6 Conclusions 362 .References 363 .28 Metabolomics, Bioactives, and Cancer 365Shannon R. Sweeney, John DiGiovanni, and Stefano Tiziani .28.1 Introduction 365 .28.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 366 .28.3 Mass Spectrometry 367 .28.4 Application of Scientific Computing and Data Analysis 368 .28.5 Metabolomics, Bioactive Food Components, and Cancer 369 .28.5.1 Resveratrol 370 .28.5.2 Epigallocatechin Gallate 370 .28.5.3 Curcumin 372 .28.5.4 Ursolic Acid 372 .28.5.5 Omega ]3 Fatty Acids 373 .28.6 Future Perspectives 373 .References 374 .29 NMR ]Based Metabolomics of Foods 379Takuya Miyakawa, Tingfu Liang, and Masaru Tanokura .29.1 Introduction 379 .29.2 Principal Aspects of NMR in Food Analyses 380 .29.3 NMR Techniques Applied to Food Metabolomics 380 .29.4 Monitoring of Metabolic Changes in Food Processing Using Quantitative NMR 381 .29.5 NMR Profiling Based on Multivariate Analyses 382 .29.5.1 Food Quality and Safety 383 .29.5.2 Sensory Assessment for Food Development 384 .29.5.3 Food Functionality and Identification of Bioactive Metabolites 385 .29.6 Conclusion 386 .Acknowledgments 386 .References 386 .30 Cancer Chemopreventive Effect of Curcumin through Suppressing Metabolic Crosstalk between Components in the Tumor Microenvironment 388Dong Hoon Suh and Yong–Sang Song .30.1 Introduction 388 .30.2 Cancer Metabolism 389 .30.2.1 The Warburg and Reverse Warburg Effect 389 .30.2.2 Paradigm Shift from Cancer Cells to Cancer Microenvironment 389 .30.2.3 Cancer ]Associated Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment 390 .30.3 Metabolic Onco ]Targets of Curcumin in the Tumor Microenvironment 391 .30.3.1 Xenohormetic Inhibition of NF ] B 391 .30.4 Clinical Trials of Curcumin as Metabolic Modulators in Cancer 393 .30.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 393 .Acknowledgments 394 .References 394 .31 Metabolomics of Green Tea 397Yoshinori Fujimura and Hirofumi Tachibana .31.1 Introduction 397 .31.2 Metabolic Profiling 398 .31.3 Tea Chemical Composition 401 .31.4 Metabolic Responses to Tea Consumption 402 .31.5 Biotransformation of Dietary Tea Components 403 .31.6 Conclusion 404 .Acknowledgments 404 .References 405 .Part V Epigenetics 407 .32 The Potential Epigenetic Modulation of Diabetes Influenced by Nutritional Exposures In Utero 409Jie Yan and Huixia Yang .32.1 Introduction 409 .32.2 Insulin Resistance 409 .32.3 Skeletal Muscle 410 .32.4 Type 2 Diabetes 410 .32.5 Influence of High ]Fat Diet 410 .32.6 Obesity 410 .32.7 Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) 411 .32.8 Environmental Factors and Epigenetic Modifications 411 .32.9 Mitochondria and Energy Homeostasis 413 .32.10 Diabetes Progression 413 .32.11 Conclusion 414 .References 414 .33 The Time has Come (and the Tools are Available) for Nutriepigenomics Studies 418Pearlly S. Yan .33.1 Introduction: Great Strides in Deciphering Methylomes 418 .33.2 Recent Findings in Methylome Research and their Implications for Future Nutriepigenomic Research 419 .33.2.1 Cohort Size and Data Reproducibility 419 .33.2.2 Proxy/Surrogate Tissues 419 .33.2.3 Confounders of Methylome Profiles 419 .33.3 Strategies for Identifying and Optimizing a Small Number of Promising Methylation Markers 419 .33.3.1 Methylome Profiling Protocols 419 .33.3.2 Integrating Transcriptional Information 420 .33.3.3 Genetic ]Associated Epigenetic Changes 420 .33.3.4 Other Approaches to Identify Functional Markers 420 .33.4 Validation of Methylation Markers Performance in Large Cohorts using Highly Targeted Assays 421 .33.4.1 Validation Using Methylation ]Based Assays 421 .33.4.2 Validation Using Gene Expression ]Based Sequencing Panels as Readouts for Functional Methylation Markers 421 .33.5 Summaries 422 .References 422 .34 Natural Phytochemicals as Epigenetic Modulators 424Gauri Deb and Sanjay Gupta .34.1 Introduction 424 .34.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms in Mammals 425 .34.2.1 DNA Methylation 425 .34.2.2 Histone Modifications 426 .34.2.3 Non ]Coding RNAs 426 .34.3 Natural Phytochemicals and Epigenetic Mechanisms 427 .34.3.1 Apigenin 427 .34.3.2 Curcumin 428 .34.3.3 ( ]) ]Epigallocatechin ]3 ]Gallate (EGCG) 428 .34.3.4 Genistein and Soy Isoflavones 429 .34.3.5 Indole ]3 ]Carbinol and Diindolylmethane 430 .34.3.6 Lycopene 430 .34.3.7 Organosulfur Compounds 431 .34.3.8 Phenethyl Isothiocyanate (PEITC) 431 .34.3.9 Quercetin 431 .34.3.10 Resveratrol 432 .34.3.11 Sulforaphane 432 .34.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 433 .Acknowledgments 433 .References 433 .Part VI Peptidomics 441 .35 Detection and Identification of Food ]Derived Peptides in Human Blood: Food ]Derived Short Chain Peptidomes in Human Blood 443Kenji Sato and Daisuke Urado .35.1 Introduction 443 .35.2 Detection of Apparent Bioactive Peptides in Human Blood 444 .35.3 Identification of Food ]Derived Peptides in Human Blood 444 .35.3.1 Identification of Food ]Derived Peptides as Intact Forms 444 .35.3.2 Isolation of Phenyl Thiocarbamyl Peptide for Sequence Analysis Based on Edman Degradation 446 .35.3.3 MS/MS Analyses of Derivatized Peptides 448 .35.4 Future Prospects 448 .References 451 .Part VII Nutrigenomics and Human Health 453 .36 Use of Omics Approaches for Developing Immune ]Modulatory and Anti ]Inflammatory Phytomedicines 455Shu ]Yi Yin, Pradeep M. S., and Ning ]Sun Yang .36.1 Introduction 455 .36.1.1 Needs and Importance of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics 456 .36.1.2 Omics Technologies 456 .36.1.3 Phytomics 457 .36.2 Transcriptomics Study in Medicinal Plant Research 458 .36.2.1 Application of DNA Microarrays in Toxicogenomics, Pharmacogenomics, and Functional Genomics Studies of Bioactivity from Medicinal Plants 458 .36.2.2 Immuno ]Modulatory Effects of Different Phyto ]Compounds/Candidate Phytomedicines 459 .36.2.3 Use of cDNA Microarray/Expression Sequence Tags (ESTs) for Evaluating Bioactivities of Medicinal Plants 461 .36.2.4 Immuno ]Modulatory Effects of Traditional Herbal Medicines Revealed by microRNA Analysis 461 .36.3 Proteomics Studies on Research into Medicinal Plants 462 .36.3.1 Use and Advancement of Analytical and Instrumentation Systems: Two ]Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2 ]DE), Electrospray Ionization, Matrix ]Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Surface ]Enhanced Laser Desorption 462 .36.3.2 Application of Proteomics for Research into Traditional Herbal Medicine 462 .36.4 Metabolomics Study on the Research of Medicinal Plants 463 .36.4.1 Use of GC ]MS, LC ]MS, FT ]IR, and NMR Technologies 463 .36.4.2 Metabolomics Research in Medicinal Chemistry Studies 465 .36.4.3 Metabolomics Approach Applied to Research into Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytomedicine 465 .36.5 Lipidomics Study on the Research of Medicinal Plants 466 .36.6 Comparative and Bioinformatics Tools for Omics Studies 466 .36.6.1 Ingenuity 466 .36.6.2 Metacore 466 .36.6.3 TRANSPATH 468 .36.6.4 KEGG 468 .36.7 Challenges and Perspectives 469 .References 471 .37 The Application of Algae for Cosmeceuticals in the Omics Age 476Nyuk Ling Ma, Su Shiung Lam, and Rahman Zaidah .37.1 Introduction 476 .37.2 Metabolomics 477 .37.3 Genomics 477 .37.4 Proteomics 481 .37.5 Conclusion 483 .References 483 .38 Gut Microbiome and Functional Foods: Health Benefits and Safety Challenges 489Abhai Kumar, Smita Singh, and Anil Kumar Chauhan .38.1 Introduction 489 .38.2 Microbiome Symbiosis 490 .38.2.1 Diarrhea (Infectious and Antibiotic Associated) 491 .38.2.2 Lactose Intolerance 491 .38.2.3 Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases 492 .38.2.4 Immune Modulation 492 .38.3 Functional Food Intervention of Gut Microbiota 492 .38.4 Types of Functional Foods and Their Effects 493 .38.4.1 Probiotics and Prebiotics 493 .38.4.2 Proteins and Peptides 495 .38.4.3 Carbohydrates and Fibers 496 .38.4.4 Lipids and Fatty Acids 497 .38.4.5 Flavanoids and Lycopene 497 .38.4.6 Vitamins 497 .38.5 Regulations and Safety of Functional Food 497 .38.6 Safety Challenges of Functional Food 499 .38.7 Functional Foods and Nutrigenomics 499 .38.8 Conclusions 500 .Acknowledgment 500 .Conflict of Interest 500 .References 500 .39 An Overview on Germinated Brown Rice and its Nutrigenomic Implications 504Mustapha Umar Imam and Maznah Ismail .39.1 Diet and Health: The Role of Staple Foods and Nutrigenomic Implications 504 .39.2 Health Implications of White Rice and Brown Rice Consumption 506 .39.3 Germinated Brown Rice: Bioactives, Functional Effects, and Mechanistic Insights 506 .39.3.1 Nutrigenomic Effects of Germinated Brown Rice on Obesity and Cholesterol Metabolism 509 .39.3.2 Nutrigenomic Effects of Germinated Brown Rice on Oxidative Stress 511 .39.3.3 Nutrigenomic Effects of Germinated Brown Rice on Glycemic Control 511 .39.3.4 Nutrigenomic Effects of Germinated Brown Rice on Menopause ]Related Problems 512 .39.4 Conclusions 513 .39.5 Future Considerations 513 .Acknowledgments 513 .Conflict of Interest 513 .References 513 .40 Novel Chromium (III) Supplements and Nutrigenomics Exploration: A Review 518Sreejayan Nair, Anand Swaroop, and Debasis Bagchi .40.1 Introduction 518 .40.2 Trivalent Chromium, Insulin Regulation, and Signaling 519 .40.3 Regulatory Pathways 519 .40.4 MicroRNAs 522 .40.5 Summary and Conclusions 522 .References 522 .Part VIII Transcriptomics 525 .41 Transcriptomics of Plants Interacting with Pathogens and Beneficial Microbes 527Hooman Mirzaee, Louise Shuey, and Peer M. Schenk .41.1 Introduction 527 .41.2 Plant Defense Responses against Pathogens 528 .41.3 Transcriptomics during Plant ]Pathogen Interactions 529 .41.4 Plant Responses during Interactions with Beneficial Microbes 530 .41.5 Transcriptomics during Beneficial Plant ]Microbe Interactions 531 .41.6 Knowledge on Modulation of Host Immunity by Pathogens and Beneficial Microbes May Lead to New Resistance Strategies 532 .References 532 .42 Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profiling of Chicken Adipose Tissue: An Overview 537Brynn H. Voy, Stephen Dearth, and Shawn R. Campagna .42.1 Introduction 537 .42.2 Chicken as a Model Organism 537 .42.3 Chicken Genome and Genetic Diversity 538 .42.4 Chicken as a Model for Studies of Adipose Biology and Obesity 538 .42.5 Natural and Selected Models of Differential Fatness 538 .42.5.1 Broilers 538 .42.5.2 Selected Lines 539 .42.6 Transcriptomics and Metabolomics as Tools for the Studies of Adipose Biology in Chicken 539 .42.7 Insight into Control of Adipose Tissue Growth and Metabolism in Chickens from Transcriptomics and Metabolomics 541 .42.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 543 .References 543 .43 Nutritional Transcriptomics: An Overview 545M. R. Noori ]Daloii and A. Nejatizadeh .43.1 Introduction 545 .43.2 Molecular Nutrition 546 .43.3 From Nutrients to Genes Expression Profiling 547 .43.4 Biological Actions of Nutrients 548 .43.5 Nutritional Transcriptomics 548 .43.6 Transcriptomic Technologies 549 .43.7 Transcriptomics and Development of New Nutritional Biomarkers 552 .43.8 The Micronutrient Genomics Project 553 .43.9 Transcriptomics in Nutrition Research 553 .43.10 Perspectives 554 .References 555 .44 Dissecting Transcriptomes of Cyanobacteria for Novel Metabolite Production 557Sucheta Tripathy, Deeksha Singh, Mathumalar C., and Abhishek Das .44.1 Introduction 557 .44.2 Phylogenetic Relationships in Cyanobacteria 558 .44.3 Genomic Studies of Cyanobacteria 560 .44.4 Plasmids in Cyanobacteria 562 .44.5 Dissecting Transcriptomes of Cyanobacteria 563 .44.5.1 Biofuel Production 563 .44.5.2 Novel Metabolite Producing Genes in Cyanobacteria 571 .44.6 Conclusion 571 .Acknowledgment 571 .References 571 .45 Inflammation, Nutrition, and Transcriptomics 573Gareth Marlow and Lynnette R. Ferguson .45.1 Introduction 573 .45.2 Inflammation 573 .45.3 Nutrition 575 .45.3.1 Mediterranean Diet 575 .45.4 Nutrigenomics 575 .45.5 Dietary Factors and Inflammation 576 .45.6 Transcriptomics 577 .45.6.1 RNA ]seq 578 .45.7 Conclusions 578 .References 578 .46 Transcriptomics and Nutrition in Mammalians 581Carmen Arnal, Jose M. Lou ]Bonafonte, María V. Martínez ]Gracia, María J. Rodríguez ]Yoldi, and Jesús Osada .46.1 Introduction 581 .46.1.1 DNA Chips or Microarrays 583 .46.2 Adipocyte Transcriptome 584 .46.2.1 Influence of Caloric Restriction 585 .46.2.2 Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate Content 586 .46.2.3 Effect of Dietary Fat Content 586 .46.2.4 Nature of Fat 587 .46.2.5 Effects of Quality and Protein Content 587 .46.3 Intestinal Transcriptome 587 .46.3.1 Influence of Caloric Restriction 588 .46.3.2 Effects of Carbohydrate Content of Diets 589 .46.3.3 Effect of Dietary Fat Content 589 .46.3.4 Effects of Quality and Protein Content 589 .46.3.5 Environmental Conditions of Intestine 590 .46.4 Hepatic Transcriptome 590 .46.4.1 Influence of Fasting and Feeding 590 .46.4.2 Influence of Caloric Restriction 591 .46.4.3 Effects of Carbohydrate Content of Diets 592 .46.4.4 Effect of Dietary Fat Content 593 .46.4.5 Effects of Quality and Protein Content 598 .46.5 Muscular Transcriptome 599 .46.5.1 Influence of Caloric Restriction 599 .46.5.2 Effect of Dietary Fat Content 600 .46.5.3 Effects of Quality and Protein Content 601 .46.6 Conclusion 601 .Acknowledgments 601 .References 602 .Part IX Nutriethics 609 .47 Nutritional Sciences at the Intersection of Omics Disciplines and Ethics: A Focus on Nutritional Doping 611Nicola Luigi Bragazzi .47.1 Introduction 611 .47.2 Nutrigenomics and Nutriproteomics 612 .47.3 Sports Nutriproteogenomics 614 .47.4 Nutritional and Sports Ethics 615 .47.5 Conclusions 617 .References 618 .Part X Nanotechnology 623 .48 Current Relevant Nanotechnologies for the Food Industry 625Kelvii Wei Guo .48.1 Introduction 625 .48.2 Nanotechnology in Food Industry 626 .48.2.1 Nanoparticles (NPs) 627 .48.2.2 Nanodispersion 627 .48.2.3 Nanocapsules 628 .48.2.4 Nanocolloids 628 .48.2.5 Nanoemulsions 629 .48.2.6 Nanofibers/Tubes 629 .48.3 Natural Biopolymers 630 .48.4 Nanotechnology for Food Packaging 630 .48.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites as Antimicrobial Food Packaging Materials 630 .48.4.2 Nanolaminates/Coating 631 .48.4.3 Nanosensors 631 .48.5 Outstanding State ]of ]the ]Art Issues 633 .48.6 Conclusion 633 .References 634 .Index 637

• ISBN: 978-1-118-93042-7
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 688
• Fecha Publicación: 02/10/2015
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés