Finally, a stand–alone, all–inclusive textbook on yeast biology. Based on the feedback resulting from his highly successful monograph, Horst Feldmann has totally rewritten he contents to produce a comprehensive, student–friendly textbook on the topic. The scope has been widened, with almost double the content so as to include all aspects of yeast biology, from genetics via cell biology right up to biotechnology applications. The cell and molecular biology sections have been vastly expanded, while information on other yeast species has been added, with contributions from additional authors. Naturally, the illustrations are in full color throughout, and the book is backed by a complimentary website. The resulting textbook caters to the needs of an increasing number of students in biomedical research, cell and molecular biology, microbiology and biotechnology who end up using yeast as an important tool or model organism. INDICE: Preface XVII .Authors XIX .1 Introduction 1 .1.1 Historical Aspects 1 .1.2 Yeast as a Eukaryotic Model System 1 .Further Reading 3 .2 Yeast Cell Architecture and Functions 5 .2.1 General Morphology 5 .2.2 Cell Envelope 6 .2.2.1 Cell Wall 7 .2.2.2 Plasma Membrane 8 .2.3 Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton 8 .2.3.1 Yeast Cytoplasm 8 .2.3.2 Yeast Cytoskeleton 9 .2.4 Yeast Nucleus 14 .2.4.1 Overview 14 .2.4.2 Nuclear Pore 14 .2.4.3 Yeast Chromosomes 17 .2.5 Organellar Compartments 17 .2.5.1 ER and the Golgi Apparatus 18 .2.5.2 Transport Vesicles 18 .2.5.3 Vacuolar System 20 .2.5.4 Endocytosis and Exocytosis 21 .2.5.5 Mitochondria 21 .2.5.6 Peroxisomes 22 .Further Reading 23 .3 Yeast Metabolism 25 .3.1 Metabolic Pathways and Energy 25 .3.2 Catabolism of Hexose Carbon Sources 25 .3.2.1 Principal Pathways 25 .3.2.2 Respiration Versus Fermentation 26 .3.2.3 Catabolism of Other Sugars Galactose 27 .3.2.4 Metabolism of Non–Hexose Carbon Sources 28 .3.3 Gluconeogenesis and Carbohydrate Biosynthesis 30 .3.3.1 Gluconeogenesis 30 .3.3.2 Storage Carbohydrates 30 .3.3.3 Unusual Carbohydrates 31 .3.3.4 Structural Carbohydrates 34 .3.4 Fatty Acid and Lipid Metabolism 35 .3.4.1 Fatty Acids 35 .3.4.2 Lipids 35 .3.4.3 Glycolipids 36 .3.4.4 Isoprenoid Biosynthesis 40 .3.5 Nitrogen Metabolism 42 .3.5.1 Catabolic Pathways 42 .3.5.2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis Pathways 44 .3.6 Nucleotide Metabolism 48 .3.6.1 Pyrimidine Derivatives 48 .3.6.2 Purine Derivatives 48 .3.6.3 Deoxyribonucleotides 50 .3.6.4 Nucleotide Modification 50 .3.7 Phosphorus and Sulfur Metabolism 51 .3.7.1 Phosphate 51 .3.7.2 Sulfur 52 .3.8 Vitamins and Cofactors 53 .3.8.1 Biotin 53 .3.8.2 Thiamine 53 .3.8.3 Pyridoxine 54 .3.8.4 NAD 54 .3.8.5 Riboflavin Derivatives 54 .3.8.6 Pantothenic Acid and Coenzyme A 55 .3.8.7 Folate 55 .3.8.8 Tetrapyrroles 55 .3.8.9 Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) 56 .3.9 Transition Metals 57 .Further Reading 58 .4 Yeast Molecular Techniques 59 .4.1 Handling of Yeast Cells 59 .4.1.1 Growth of Yeast Cells 59 .4.1.2 Isolation of Particular Cell Types and Components 59 .4.2 Genetic Engineering and Reverse Genetics 59 .4.2.1 Molecular Revolution 59 .4.2.2 Transformation of Yeast Cells 61 .4.2.3 Yeast Cosmid Vectors 64 .4.2.4 Yeast Artificial Chromosomes 65 .4.3 More Genetic Tools from Yeast Cells 65 .4.3.1 Yeast Two–Hybrid System 65 .4.3.2 Yeast Three–Hybrid System 66 .4.3.3 Yeast One–Hybrid (Matchmaker) System 67 .4.4 Techniques in Yeast Genome Analyses 67 .4.4.1 Microarrays 67 .4.4.2 Affinity Purification 70 .4.4.3 Mass Spectrometry 70 .Further Reading 72 .5 Yeast Genetic Structures and Functions 73 .5.1 Yeast Chromosome Structure and Function 73 .5.1.1 Yeast Chromatin 73 .5.1.2 Centromeres 85 .5.1.3 Replication Origins and Replication 85 .5.1.4 Telomeres 96 .5.1.5 Transposons in Yeast 98 .5.2 Yeast tRNAs, Genes, and Processing 103 .5.2.1 Yeast tRNAs 103 .5.2.2 Current Status of Yeast tRNA Research 106 .5.3 Yeast Ribosomes: Components, Genes, and Maturation 113 .5.3.1 Historical Overview 113 .5.3.2 Ribosomal Components 113 .5.3.3 Components and Pathways of Yeast Ribosome Maturation 114 .5.4 Messenger RNAs 116 .5.4.1 First Approaches to the Structure of Yeast mRNAs 116 .5.4.2 Introns and Processing of pre–mRNA 117 .5.4.3 Provenance of Introns 121 .5.5 Extrachromosomal Elements 121 .5.5.1 Two Micron DNA 121 .5.5.2 Killer Plasmids 121 .5.5.3 Yeast Prions 121 .5.6 Yeast Mitochondrial Genome 123 .Further Reading 125 .6 Gene Families Involved in Cellular Dynamics 127 .6.1 ATP– and GTP–Binding Proteins 127 .6.1.1 ATPases 127 .6.1.2 Small GTPases and Their Associates 133 .6.1.3 G–Proteins 136 .6.2 Regulatory ATPases: AAA and AAAþ Proteins 138 .6.2.1 ATP–Dependent Proteases 138 .6.2.2 Membrane Fusion Proteins 139 .6.2.3 Cdc48 139 .6.2.4 Peroxisomal AAA Proteins 139 .6.2.5 Katanin and Vps4p 139 .6.2.6 Dynein 139 .6.2.7 DNA Replication Proteins 140 .6.2.8 RuvB–Like Proteins 140 .6.2.9 Other AAAþ Yeast Proteins 140 .6.3 Protein Modification by Proteins and Programmed Protein Degradation 141 .6.3.1 Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) 141 .6.3.2 Yeast Proteasomes 147 .6.3.3 More Functions for Ubiquitin 150 .6.3.4 Ubiquitin–Like Proteins (ULPs) and Cognate Factors 151 .6.4 Yeast Protein Kinases and Phosphatases 153 .6.4.1 Protein Kinases in Yeast 153 .6.4.2 Protein Phosphatases in Yeast 158 .6.5 Yeast Helicase Families 159 .6.5.1 RNA Helicases in Yeast 166 .6.5.2 DNA Helicases in Yeast 168 .Further Reading 173 .7 Yeast Growth and the Yeast Cell Cycle 175 .7.1 Modes of Propagation 175 .7.1.1 Vegetative Reproduction 175 .7.1.2 Sexual Reproduction 181 .7.1.3 Filamentous Growth 181 .7.1.4 Yeast Aging and Cell Death 183 .7.2 Cell Cycle 186 .7.2.1 Dynamics and Regulation of the Cell Cycle 186 .7.2.2 Dynamics and Regulation of Mitosis 193 .7.3 Meiosis 200 .7.3.1 Chromosome Treatment During Meiosis 200 .7.3.2 Regulation of Meiosis 201 .7.3.3 Checkpoints in Meiosis 202 .Further Reading 204 .8 Yeast Transport 207 .8.1 Intracellular Protein Sorting and Transport 207 .8.1.1 Signal Hypothesis 207 .8.1.2 Central Role of the ER 207 .8.1.3 Intracellular Protein Trafficking and Sorting 208 .8.2 Nuclear Traffic 221 .8.2.1 Nuclear Transport 221 .8.2.2 Nuclear mRNA Quality Control 223 .8.2.3 Nuclear Export of mRNA 224 .8.2.4 Nuclear Dynamics of tRNA 225 .8.3 Membrane Transporters in Yeast 226 .8.3.1 Transport of Cations 226 .8.3.2 Channels and ATPases 226 .8.3.3 Ca2þ–Signaling and Transport Pathways in Yeast 227 .8.3.4 Transition Metal Transport 228 .8.3.5 Anion Transport 232 .8.3.6 Nutrient and Ammonium Transport 233 .8.3.7 Mitochondrial Transport 235 .Further Reading 240 .9 Yeast Gene Expression 241 .9.1 Transcription and Transcription Factors 241 .9.2 RNA Polymerases and Cofactors 241 .9.2.1 RNA Polymerase I 242 .9.2.2 RNA Polymerase III 243 .9.2.3 RNA Polymerase II 245 .9.2.4 General Transcription Factors (GTFs) 246 .9.2.5 Transcriptional Activators 248 .9.3 Transcription and its Regulation 251 .9.3.1 Regulatory Complexes 251 .9.3.2 Modification of Chromatin During Polymerase II Transcription 254 .9.3.3 Nucleosome Positioning 259 .9.4 DNA Repair Connected to Transcription 259 .9.4.1 Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) 259 .9.4.2 Mismatch Repair 261 .9.4.3 Base Excision Repair 261 .9.5 Coupling Transcription to Pre–mRNA Processing 261 .9.5.1 Polyadenylation 261 .9.5.2 Generation of Functional mRNA 263 .9.6 Yeast Translation Apparatus 268 .9.6.1 Initiation 269 .9.6.2 Elongation and Termination 270 .9.7 Protein Splicing Yeast Inteins 271 .Further Reading 271 .10 Molecular Signaling Cascades and Gene Regulation 273 .10.1 Ras cAMP Signaling Pathway 273 .10.2 MAP Kinase Pathways 275 .10.2.1 Mating–Type Pathway 275 .10.2.2 Filamentation/Invasion Pathway 278 .10.2.3 Control of Cell Integrity 279 .10.2.4 High Osmolarity Growth Pathway 280 .10.2.5 Spore Wall Assembly Pathway 280 .10.2.6 Influence of MAP Kinase Pathways in Cell Cycle Regulation 281 .10.3 General Control by Gene Repression 281 .10.3.1 Ssn6 Tup1 Repression 281 .10.3.2 Activation and Repression by Rap1 283 .10.4 Gene Regulation by Nutrients 283 .10.4.1 TOR System 283 .10.4.2 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism 287 .10.4.3 Regulation of Galactose Metabolism 289 .10.4.4 General Amino Acid Control 290 .10.4.5 Regulation of Arginine Metabolism 293 .10.5 Stress Responses in Yeast 294 .10.5.1 Temperature Stress and Heat–Shock Proteins 294 .10.5.2 Oxidative and Chemical Stresses 295 .10.5.3 Unfolded Protein Response 298 .Further Reading 299 .11 Yeast Organellar Biogenesis and Function 301 .11.1 Mitochondria 301 .11.1.1 Genetic Biochemistry of Yeast Mitochondria 301 .11.1.2 Mitochondrial Functions Critical to Cell Viability 303 .11.1.3 Biogenesis of Mitochondria: Protein Transport 305 .11.1.4 Mitochondrial Quality Control and Remodeling 308 .11.2 Peroxisomes 310 .11.2.1 What They Are What They Do 310 .11.2.2 Protein Import and Cargo 311 .Further Reading 312 .12 Yeast Genome and Postgenomic Projects 313 .12.1 Yeast Genome Sequencing Project 313 .12.1.1 Characteristics of the Yeast Genome 314 .12.1.2 Comparison of Genetic and Physical Maps 315 .12.1.3 Gene Organization 315 .12.1.4 Genetic Redundancy: Gene Duplications 317 .12.1.5 Gene Typification and Gene Families 318 .12.2 Yeast Functional Genomics 322 .12.2.1 Early Functional Analysis of Yeast Genes 322 .12.2.2 Yeast Transcriptome 322 .12.2.3 Yeast Proteome 324 .12.2.4 Yeast Metabolic Networks 327 .12.2.5 Genetic Landscape of a Cell 329 .12.2.6 Data Analysis Platforms 329 .12.3 Yeast Systems Biology 330 .12.4 Yeast Synthetic Biology 332 .Further Reading 334 .13 Disease Genes in Yeast 335 .13.1 General Aspects 335 .13.1.1 First Approaches 335 .13.1.2 Recent Advances 335 .13.2 Trinucleotide Repeats and Neurodegenerative Diseases 341 .13.2.1 Neurodegenerative Disorders 342 .13.2.2 Huntington s Disease 342 .13.2.3 Parkinson s Disease 343 .13.2.4 Alzheimer s Disease and Tau Biology 343 .13.2.5 Other Proteinopathies 344 .13.3 Aging and Age–Related Disorders 344 .13.4 Mitochondrial Diseases 344 .Further Reading 346 .14 Yeasts in Biotechnology 347 Paola Branduardi and Danilo Porro .14.1 Introduction 347 .14.1.1 Biotechnology Disciplines 347 .14.1.2 Microorganisms in Biotechnology 348 .14.2 Yeasts: Natural and Engineered Abilities 348 .14.2.1 Yeast as a Factory 348 .14.2.2 Natural Production 349 .14.2.3 Engineered Abilities: Recombinant Production of the First Generation 352 .14.2.4 Engineered Abilities: Recombinant Production of the Second Generation 358 .14.3 Biopharmaceuticals from Healthcare Industries 359 .14.3.1 Human Insulin 359 .14.3.2 Other Biopharmaceuticals 361 .14.4 Biomedical Research 362 .14.4.1 Humanized Yeast Systems for Neurodegenerative Diseases 363 .14.4.2 Yeast Models of Human Mitochondrial Diseases 363 .14.4.3 Yeast Models for Lipid–Related Diseases 364 .14.4.4 Yeasts and Complex Genomes 364 .14.5 Environmental Technologies: Cell Surface Display 364 .14.6 Physiological Basis for Process Design 366 .14.6.1 Process Development 367 .14.6.2 Production Process 368 .Further Reading 370 .15 Hemiascomycetous Yeasts 371 Claude Gaillardin .15.1 Selection of Model Genomes for the Genolevures and Other Sequencing Projects 371 .15.2 Ecology, Metabolic Specificities, and Scientific Interest of Selected Species 373 .15.2.1 Candida glabrata A Pathogenic Cousin of S. cerevisiae 373 .15.2.2 Lachancea (Saccharomyces) kluyveri An Opportunistic Anaerobe 375 .15.2.3 Kluyveromyces lactis A Respiro–Fermentative Yeast 376 .15.2.4 Eremothecium (Ashbya) gossypii A Filamentous Plant Pathogen 377 .15.2.5 Debaryomyces hansenii An Osmotolerant Yeast 378 .15.2.6 Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis A Xylose–Utilizing Yeast 379 .15.2.7 Komagataella (Pichia) pastoris A Methanol–Utilizing Yeast 380 .15.2.8 Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans A Thermotolerant Yeast 381 .15.2.9 Yarrowia lipolytica An Oily Yeast 382 .15.3 Differences in Architectural Features and Genetic Outfit 383 .15.3.1 Genome Sizes and Global Architecture 383 .15.3.2 Chromosome Architecture and Synteny 383 .15.3.3 Arrangements of Genetic Elements 385 .15.3.4 Gene Families and Diversification of the Protein Repertoires 388 .15.3.5 tRNAs and rRNAs 391 .15.3.6 Other Noncoding RNAs 392 .15.3.7 Introns 393 .15.3.8 Transposons 395 .15.3.9 Mitochondrial DNA 395 .15.3.10 DNA Plasmids 397 .15.4 Molecular Evolution of Functions 397 .15.4.1 Proteome Diversification and Loss or Gain of Functions 398 .15.4.2 Changes in Transcriptional Regulation 400 .15.4.3 Changes in Post–Transcriptional Regulations 404 .Further Reading 405 .16 Yeast Evolutionary Genomics 407 Bernard Dujon .16.1 Specificities of Yeast Populations and Species, and their Evolutionary Consequences 407 .16.1.1 Species, Complexes, and Natural Hybrids 407 .16.1.2 Reproductive Trade–Offs 408 .16.1.3 Preference for Inbreeding 409 .16.1.4 Population Structures Examined at the Genomic Level 410 .16.1.5 Loss of Heterozygosity and Formation of Chimeras 410 .16.1.6 Asymmetrical Growth of Clonal Populations 411 .16.2 Gene Duplication Mechanisms and their Evolutionary Consequences 412 .16.2.1 Gene Clusters 412 .16.2.2 Whole–Genome Duplication 413 .16.2.3 Segmental Duplications 414 .16.2.4 Retrogenes and Dispersed Paralogs 414 .16.3 Other Mechanisms of Gene Formation and Acquisition of Novel Functions 415 .16.3.1 Introgression 415 .16.3.2 Horizontal Gene Transfer from Bacterial Origin 416 .16.3.3 De Novo Gene Formation 417 .16.3.4 Integration of Other Sequences in Yeast Chromosomes 418 .Further Reading 419 .17 Epilog: The Future of Yeast Research 421 .Appendix A: References 423 .Appendix B: Glossary of Genetic and Taxonomic Nomenclature 425 .Appendix C: Online Resources useful in Yeast Research 427 .Appendix D: Selected Abbreviations 429 .Index 433
- ISBN: 978-3-527-33309-7
- Editorial: Wiley VCH
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 560
- Fecha Publicación: 08/10/2014
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés