Hydrodynamics and water quality: modeling rivers, lakes, and estuaries

INDICE: Forward. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Overview. 1.2 Understanding Surface Waters. 1.3 Modeling of Surface Waters. 1.4 About This Book. 2. Hydrodynamics. 2.1 Hydrodynamic Processes. 2.1.1 Water Density. 2.1.2 Conservation Laws. 2.1.2.1 Conservation of mass. 2.1.2.2 Conservation of momentum. 2.1.3 Advection and Dispersion. 2.1.4 Mass Balance Equation. 2.1.5 Atmospheric Forcings. 2.1.6 Coriolis Force and Geostrophic Flow. 2.2 Governing Equations. 2.2.1 Basic Approximations. 2.2.1.1 Boussinesq approximation. 2.2.1.2 Hydrostatic approximation. 2.2.1.3 Quasi-3D approximation. 2.2.2 Equations in Cartesian Coordinates. 2.2.2.1 1D equations. 2.2.2.2 2D vertically averaged equations. 2.2.2.3 2D laterally averaged equations. 2.2.2.4 3D equations in sigma coordinate. 2.2.3 Vertical Mixing and Turbulence Models. 2.2.4 Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates. 2.2.4.1 Curvilinear coordinates and model grid. 2.2.4.2 3D equations in sigma and curvilinear coordinates. 2.2.5 Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions. 2.2.5.1 Initial conditions. 2.2.5.2 Solid boundaryconditions. 2.3 Temperature. 2.3.1 Heatflux Components. 2.3.1.1 Solar radiation. 2.3.1.2 Longwave radiation. 2.3.1.3 Evaporation and latent heat. 2.3.1.4 Sensible heat. 2.3.2 Temperature Formulations. 2.3.2.1 Basic equations. 2.3.2.2Surface boundary condition. 2.3.2.3 Bed heat exchange. 2.4 Hydrodynamic Modeling. 2.4.1 Hydrodynamic Parameters and Data Requirements. 2.4.1.1 Hydrodynamicparameters. 2.4.1.2 Data requirements. 2.4.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee. 2.4.2.1 Background. 2.4.2.2 Data sources. 2.4.2.3 Model setup. 2.4.2.4 Model calibration. 2.4.2.5 Hydrodynamic processes in the lake. 2.4.2.6 Discussions andconclusions. 2.4.3 Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon. 2.4.3.1 Background. 2.4.3.2 Model setup. 2.4.3.3 Tidal elevation and current in SLE/IRL. 2.4.3.4 Temperature and salinity. 2.4.3.5 Discussions on hydrodynamic processes. 2.4.3.6 Conclusions. 3. Sediment Transport. 3.1 Overview. 3.1.1 Properties of Sediment. 3.1.2 Problems Associated with Sediment. 3.2 Sediment Processes. 3.2.1 Particle Settling. 3.2.2 Horizontal Transport of Sediment. 3.2.3 Resuspension and Deposition. 3.2.4 Equations for Sediment Transport. 3.2.5Turbidity and Secchi Depth. 3.3 Cohesive Sediment. 3.3.1 Vertical Profiles ofCohesive Sediment Concentrations. 3.3.2 Flocculation. 3.3.3 Settling of Cohesive Sediment. 3.3.4 Deposition of Cohesive Sediment. 3.3.5 Resuspension of Cohesive Sediment. 3.4 Noncohesive Sediment. 3.4.1 Shields Diagram. 3.4.2 Settling and Equilibrium Concentration. 3.4.3 Bed Load Transport. 3.5 Sediment Bed. 3.5.1 Characteristics of Sediment Bed. 3.5.2 A Model for Sediment Bed. 3.6 WindWaves. 3.6.1 Wave Processes. 3.6.2 Wind Wave Characteristics. 3.6.3 Wind WaveModels. 3.6.4 Combined Flows of Wind Waves and Currents. 3.6.5 Case Study: Wind Wave Modeling in Lake Okeechobee. 3.6.5.1 Background. 3.6.5.2 Measured dataand model setup. 3.6.5.3 Model calibration and verification. 3.6.5.4 Discussions. 3.7 Sediment Transport Modeling. 3.7.1 Sediment Parameters and Data Requirements. 3.7.2 Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee. 3.7.2.1 Background. 3.7.2.2 Model configuration. 3.7.2.3 Model calibration and verification. 3.7.2.4 Discussions and conclusions. 3.7.3 Case Study II: Blackstone River. 3.7.3.1 Background.3.7.3.2 Data sources and model setup. 3.7.3.3 Hydrodynamic and sediment simulation. 4. Pathogens and Toxics../… 9. Lakes and Reservoirs. 9 1 Characteristics of Lakes and Reservoirs. 9.1.1 Key Factors Controlling a Lake. 9.1.2 Vertical Stratification. 9.1.3 Biological Zones in Lakes. 9.1.4 Characteristics of Reservoirs. 9.1.5 Lake Pollution and Eutrophication. 9.2 Hydrodynamic Processes.9.2.1 Inflow, Outflow, and Water Budget. 9.2.2 Wind Forcing and Vertical Circulations. 9.2.3 Seasonal Variations of Stratification. 9.2.4 Gyres. 9.2.5 Seiches. 9.3 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Lakes. 9.3.1 Sediment Deposition in Reservoirs and Lakes. 9.3.2 Algae and Nutrient Stratifications. 9.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen Stratifications. 9.3.4 Internal Cycling and Limiting Functionsin Shallow Lakes. 9.4 Lake Modeling. 9.4.1 Case Study I: Lake Tenkiller. 9.4.1.1 Introduction. 9.4.1.2 Data sources and model setup. 9.4.1.3 Hydrodynamic simulation. 9.4.1.4 Water quality simulation. 9.4.1.5 Discussion and conclusions. 9.4.2 Case Study II: Lake Okeechobee. 9.4.2.1 Sediment and nutrient fluxes into the Fisheating Bay. 9.4.2.2 Impact of Hurricane Irene. 9.4.2.3 Impacts ofSAV on nutrient concentrations. 10. Estuaries and Coastal Waters. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Tidal Processes. 10.2.1 Tides. 10.2.2 Tidal Currents. 10.2.3 Harmonic Analysis. 10.3 Hydrodynamic Processes in Estuaries. 10.3.1 Salinity. 10.3.2 Estuarine Circulation. 10.3.3 Stratifications of Estuaries. 10.3.3.1 Highlystratified estuaries. 10.3.3.2 Moderately stratified estuaries. 10.3.3.3 Vertically mixed estuaries. 10.3.3.4 An example of estuarine stratifications. 10.3.4 Flushing Time. 10.4 Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Estuaries. 10.4.1 Sediment Transport under Tidal Forcing. 10.4.2 Flocculation of Cohesive Sediment and Sediment Trapping. 10.4.3 Eutrophication in Estuaries. 10.5 Estuarine and Coastal Modeling. 10.5.1 Open Boundary Conditions. 10.5.2 Case Study I: Morro Bay. 10.5.2.1 Introduction. 10.5.2.2 Field data measurements. 10.5.2.3 Model setup. 10.5.2.4 Wetting and drying approaches. 10.5.2.5 Wet cell mapping.10.5.2.6 Hydrodynamic processes in Morro Bay. 10.5.2.7 Summary and conclusions. 10.5.3 Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon. 10.5.3.1 Ten-year simulations. 10.5.3.2 Influence of sea level rise on water quality. Appendix A: Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code. A1 Overview. A2 Hydrodynamics. A3Sediment Transport. A4 Toxic Chemical Transport and Fate. A5 Water Quality and Eutrophication. A6 Numerical Schemes. A7 Documentation and Application Aids.Appendix B: Conversion Factors. Appendix C: Contents of Electronic Files. C1 Channel Model. C2 St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon Model. C3 Lake Okeechobee Environmental Model. C4 Documentation and Utility Programs. References. Index.Hydrodynamics and Water Quality presents an integrated approach to hydrodynamics, sediment process, toxic fate, and transport. It illustrates principles, basic processes, mathematical descriptions, and practical applications associated with surface waters. Additionally, it provides scientifically sound approaches to identify surface water problems and to simulate these waterbodies numerically.

• ISBN: 978-0-470-13543-3
• Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 704
• Fecha Publicación: 22/02/2008
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés