INDICE: Preface.viii .About the author.xiii .1 Introduction 16 .2 Process Dynamics 18 .2.1 Definition 18 .2.2 Cascade Control 22 .2.3 Model Identification 24 .2.4 Integrating Processes 32 .2.5 Other Types of Process 35 .2.6 Robustness 36 .3 PID Algorithm 39 .3.1 Definitions 39 .3.2 Proportional Action 39 .3.3 Integral Action 44 .3.4 Derivative Action 45 .3.5 Versions of Control Algorithm 49 .3.6 Interactive PID Controller 52 .3.7 Proportional–on–PV Controller 56 .3.8 Nonstandard Algorithms 60 .3.9 Tuning 61 .3.10 Ziegler–Nichols Tuning Method 62 .3.11 Cohen–Coon Tuning Method 67 .3.12 Tuning Based on Penalty Functions 68 .3.13 Manipulated Variable Overshoot 70 .3.14 Lambda Tuning Method 71 .3.15 IMC Tuning Method 72 .3.16 Choice of Tuning Method 74 .3.17 Suggested Tuning Method for Self–Regulating Processes 75 .3.18 Tuning for Load Changes 76 .3.19 Tuning for SP Ramps 77 .3.20 Tuning for Unconstrained MV Overshoot 77 .3.21 PI Tuning Compared to PID Tuning 78 .3.22 Tuning for Large Scan Interval 78 .3.23 Suggested Tuning Method for Integrating Processes 80 .3.24 Measure of Robustness 80 .3.25 Implementation of Tuning 81 .3.26 Tuning Cascades 82 .3.27 Loop Gain 82 .3.28 Adaptive Tuning 83 .3.29 Initialisation 85 .3.30 Anti–Reset Windup 86 .3.31 On–Off Control 87 .4 Level Control 89 .4.1 Use of Cascade Control 89 .4.2 Parameters Required for Tuning Calculations 90 .4.3 Tight Level Control 95 .4.4 Averaging Level Control 97 .4.5 Error–Squared Controller 101 .4.6 Gap Controller 104 .4.7 Impact of Noise on Averaging Control 106 .4.8 Potential Disadvantage of Averaging Level Control 107 .4.9 General Approach to Tuning 108 .4.10 Three–Element Level Control 110 .5 Signal Conditioning 113 .5.1 Instrument Linearisation 113 .5.2 Process Linearisation 114 .5.3 Control of pH 115 .5.4 Constraint Conditioning 117 .5.5 Pressure Compensation of Distillation Tray Temperature 118 .5.6 Compensation of Gas Flow Measurement 119 .5.7 Filtering 121 .5.8 Exponential Filter 122 .5.9 Nonlinear Exponential Filter 125 .5.10 Moving Average Filter 126 .5.11 Least Squares Filter 127 .5.12 Tuning the Filter 130 .5.13 Control Valve Characterisation 131 .5.14 Equal Percentage Valve 131 .5.15 Split–Range Valves 135 .6 Feedforward Control 138 .6.1 Ratio Algorithm 139 .6.2 Bias Algorithm 141 .6.3 Deadtime and Lead–Lag Algorithms 142 .6.4 Tuning 144 .6.5 Laplace Derivation of Dynamic Compensation 148 .7 Deadtime Compensation 150 .7.1 Smith Predictor 150 .7.2 Internal Model Control 152 .7.3 Dahlin Algorithm 152 .8 Multivariable control 156 .8.1 Constraint Control 156 .8.2 SISO Constraint Control 157 .8.3 Signal Selectors 158 .8.4 Relative Gain Analysis 160 .8.5 Niederlinski Index 167 .8.6 Condition Number 167 .8.7 Steady State Decoupling 169 .8.8 Dynamic Decoupling 171 .8.9 MPC Principles 174 .8.10 Parallel Coordinates 177 .8.11 Enhanced Operator Displays 178 .8.12 MPC Performance Monitoring 178 .9 Inferentials and Analysers 183 .9.1 Inferential Properties 183 .9.2 Assessing Accuracy 189 .9.3 Laboratory Update of Inferential 193 .9.4 Analyser Update of Inferential 197 .9.5 Monitoring On–Stream Analysers 198 .10 Combustion Control 201 .10.1 Fuel Gas Flow Correction 201 .10.2 Measuring NHV 205 .10.3 Dual Firing 207 .10.4 Inlet Temperature Feedforward 207 .10.5 Fuel Pressure Control 210 .10.6 Firebox Pressure 211 .10.7 Combustion Air Control 212 .10.8 Boiler Control 219 .10.9 Fired Heater Pass Balancing 220 .11 Compressor Control 226 .11.1 Polytropic Head 226 .11.2 Load Control (Turbo–Machines) 229 .11.3 Load Control (Reciprocating Machines) 231 .11.4 Anti–Surge Control 232 .12 Distillation Control 237 .12.1 Key Components 238 .12.2 Relative Volatility 239 .12.3 McCabe–Thiele Diagram 241 .12.4 Cut and Separation 244 .12.5 Effect of Process Design 250 .12.6 Basic Controls 252 .12.7 Pressure Control 253 .12.8 Level Control 260 .12.9 Tray Temperature Control 266 .12.10 Pressure Compensated Temperature 271 .12.11 Inferentials 278 .12.12 First–Principle Inferentials 284 .12.13 Feedforward on Feed Rate 286 .12.14 Feed Composition Feedforward 287 .12.15 Feed Enthalpy Feedforward 288 .12.16 Decoupling 289 .12.17 Multivariable Control 292 .12.18 On–Stream Analysers 297 .12.19 Towers with Sidestreams 298 .12.20 Column Optimisation 299 .12.21 Optimisation of Column Pressure 300 .12.22 Energy/Yield Optimisation 301 .13 APC Project Execution 303 .13.1 Benefits Study 303 .13.2 Benefit Estimation for Improved Regulatory Control 305 .13.3 Benefits of Closed–Loop Real–Time Optimisation 311 .13.4 Basic Controls 313 .13.5 Basic Control Monitoring 314 .13.6 Inferential Properties 318 .13.7 Organisation 319 .13.8 Vendor Selection 323 .13.9 Safety in APC Design 325 .13.10 Alarms 326 .14 Statistical Methods 328 .14.1 Central Limit Theorem 328 .14.2 Generating a Normal Distribution 329 .14.3 Quantile Plots 330 .14.4 Calculating Standard Deviation 331 .14.5 Skewness and Kurtosis 333 .14.6 Correlation 333 .14.7 Confidence Interval 335 .14.8 Westinghouse Electric Company Rules 336 .14.9 Gamma Function 337 .14.10 Student t Distribution 338 .14.11 2 Distribution 340 .14.12 F Distribution 341 .14.13 Akaike Information Criterion 343 .14.14 Adjusted R2 345 .14.15 Levene s Test 347 .14.16 Box–Wetz Ratio 348 .14.17 Regression Analysis 349 .14.18 Outliers 358 .14.19 Model Identification 358 .14.20 Autocorrelation and Autocovariance 363 .14.21 Artificial Neural Networks 367 .14.22 Repeatability 370 .14.23 Reproducibility 371 .14.24 Six–Sigma 372 .14.25 Data Reconciliation 372 .15 Mathematical Techniques 376 .15.1 Fourier Transform 376 .15.2 Recursive Filters 380 .15.3 Lagrangian Interpolation 383 .15.4 Padé Approximation 386 .15.5 Laplace Transform Derivations 390 .15.6 Laplace Transforms for Processes 392 .15.7 Laplace Transforms for Controllers 396 .15.8 I–PD versus PI–D Algorithm 399 .15.9 Direct Synthesis 400 .15.10 Predicting Filter Attenuation 406 .15.11 Stability Limit for PID Control 407 .15.12 Ziegler–Nichols Tuning from Process Dynamics 411 .15.13 Partial Fractions 414 .15.14 Z–Transforms and Finite Difference Equations 416 .References 423
- ISBN: 978-1-119-15774-8
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Rústica
- Páginas: 592
- Fecha Publicación: 17/06/2016
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés