Until now, no book has adequately treated all engineering aspects of microwave communications in the digital age. This important new work provides readers with the depth of knowledge necessary for all the practical engineering details associated with fixed point–to–point microwave radio path design: the why, what, and how of microwave transmission; design objectives; engineering methodologies; and design philosophy (in the bid, design, and acceptance phase of the project). Written in an easily accessible format, the book is complete with an appendix of specialized engineering details and formulas. INDICE: Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xix 1 A Brief History of Microwave Radio Fixed Point–to–Point (Relay) Communication Systems 1 1.1 In the Beginning, 1 1.2 Microwave Telecommunications Companies, 7 1.3 Practical Applications, 10 1.4 The Beat Goes On, 14 References, 16 2 Regulation of Microwave Radio Transmissions 20 2.1 Radio Frequency Management, 21 2.2 Testing for Interference, 28 2.3 Radio Paths by FCC Frequency Band in the United States, 29 2.4 Influences in Frequency Allocation and Utilization Policy within the Western Hemisphere, 30 2.5 FCC Fixed Radio Services, 36 2.6 Site Data Accuracy Requirements, 41 2.7 FCC Antenna Registration System (ASR) Registration Requirements, 42 2.8 Engineering Microwave Paths Near Airports and Heliports, 44 References, 47 3 Microwave Radio Overview 48 3.1 Introduction, 48 3.2 Digital Signaling, 50 3.3 Noise Figure, Noise Factor, Noise Temperature, and Front End Noise, 50 3.4 Digital Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), 53 3.5 Radio Transmitters and Receivers, 58 3.6 Modulation Format, 60 3.7 QAM Digital Radios, 65 3.8 Channel Equalization, 68 3.9 Channel Coding, 70 3.10 Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM), 72 3.11 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), 75 3.12 Radio Configurations, 76 3.13 Frequency Diversity and Multiline Considerations, 82 3.14 Transmission Latency, 85 3.15 Automatic Transmitter Power Control (ATPC), 87 3.16 Current Trends, 87 References, 90 4 Radio Network Performance Objectives 96 4.1 Customer Service Objectives, 96 4.2 Maintenance Objectives, 96 4.3 Commissioning Objectives, 98 4.4 Design Objectives, 98 4.5 Differences Between North American and European Radio System Objectives, 99 4.6 North American Telecommunications System Design Objectives, 100 4.7 International Telecommunications System Design Objectives, 100 4.8 Engineering Microwave Paths to Design Objectives, 102 4.9 Accuracy of Path Availability Calculations, 106 4.10 Impact of Flat Multipath Variability, 108 4.11 Impact of Outage Measurement Methodology, 108 4.12 Impact of External Interference, 109 4.13 Conclusion, 109 References, 110 5 Radio System Components 114 5.1 Microwave Signal Transmission Lines, 115 5.2 Antenna Support Structures, 121 5.3 Tower Rigidity and Integrity, 127 5.4 Transmission Line Management, 127 5.5 Antennas, 127 5.6 Near Field, 137 5.7 Fundamental Antenna Limitations, 143 5.8 Propagation, 143 5.9 Radio System Performance as a Function of Radio Path Propagation, 145 5.10 Radio System Performance as a Function of Radio Path Terrain, 149 5.11 Antenna Placement, 153 5.12 Frequency Band Characteristics, 155 5.13 Path Distances, 157 5.A Appendix, 159 References, 172 6 Designing and Operating Microwave Systems 175 6.1 Why Microwave Radio? 175 6.2 Radio System Design, 175 6.3 Designing Low Frequency Radio Networks, 179 6.4 Designing High Frequency Radio Networks, 182 6.5 Field Measurements, 185 6.6 User Data Interfaces, 185 6.7 Operations and Maintenance, 202 6.8 Maintaining the Network, 210 References, 217 7 Hypothetical Reference Circuits 220 7.1 North American (NA) Availability Objectives, 220 7.2 North American Quality Objectives, 225 7.3 International Objectives, 225 7.4 International Telecommunication Union Quality Objectives, 236 7.5 Error–Performance Relationship Among BER, BBER, and SESs, 245 References, 247 8 Microwave Antenna Theory 249 8.1 Common Parameters, 251 8.2 Passive Reflectors, 252 8.3 Circular (Parabolic) Antennas, 256 8.4 Square Flat Panel Antennas, 274 8.5 Regulatory Near Field Power Density Limits, 290 8.6 Practical Near Field Power Calculations, 290 8.7 Near Field Antenna Coupling Loss, 296 8.A Appendix, 307 References, 318 9 Multipath Fading 320 9.1 Flat and Dispersive Fading, 329 9.A Appendix, 338 References, 344 10 Microwave Radio Diversity 348 10.1 Space Diversity, 350 10.2 Dual–Frequency Diversity, 354 10.3 Quad (Space and Frequency) Diversity, 357 10.4 Hybrid Diversity, 358 10.5 Multiline Frequency Diversity, 358 10.6 Crossband Multiline, 365 10.7 Angle Diversity, 366 10.A Appendix, 372 References, 380 11 Rain Fading 384 11.1 Point (Single–Location) Rain Loss (Fade) Estimation, 386 11.2 Path Rain–Fade Estimation, 390 11.3 Point–to–Path Length Conversion Factor, 398 11.4 Single–Location Rain Rate R, 398 11.5 City Rain Rate Data for North America, 407 11.6 New Rain Zones, 430 11.7 Worst–Month Rain Rates, 430 11.8 Point Rain Rate Variability, 439 11.9 Examples of Rain–Loss–Dominated Path Designs, 441 11.10 Conclusions, 444 11.A Appendix, 446 References, 458 12 Ducting and Obstruction Fading 461 12.1 Introduction, 461 12.2 Superrefraction (Ducting), 465 12.3 Subrefraction (Earth Bulge or Obstruction), 469 12.4 Minimizing Obstruction Fading, 471 12.5 Obstruction Fading Model, 477 12.6 Obstruction Fading Estimation, 479 12.7 Bell Labs Seasonal Parameter Charts, 483 12.8 Refractivity Data Limitations, 484 12.9 Reviewing the Bell Labs Seasonal Parameter Charts, 485 12.10 Obstruction Fading Parameter Estimation, 486 12.11 Evaluating Path Clearance Criteria, 487 12.A Appendix: North American Refractivity Index Charts, 490 12.B Appendix: Worldwide Obstruction Fading Data, 491 References, 511 13 Reflections and Obstructions 514 13.1 Theoretical Rough Earth Reflection Coefficient, 514 13.2 Scattering from Earth Terrain, 517 13.3 Practical Earth Reflection Coefficient, 519 13.4 Reflection Location, 519 13.5 Smooth Earth Divergence Factor, 522 13.6 Reflections from Objects Near a Path, 523 13.7 Fresnel Zones, 525 13.8 Antenna Launch Angle (Transmit or Receive Antenna Takeoff Angle), 527 13.9 Grazing Angle, 527 13.10 Additional Path Distance, 528 13.11 Estimating the Effect of a Signal Reflected from the Earth, 528 13.12 Flat Earth Obstruction Path Loss, 529 13.13 Smooth Earth Obstruction Loss, 529 13.14 Knife–Edge Obstruction Path Gain, 530 13.15 Rounded–Edge Obstruction Path Gain, 531 13.16 Complex Terrain Obstruction Losses, 532 13.A Appendix, 536 References, 555 14 Digital Receiver Interference 559 14.1 Composite Interference (T/T ) Criterion, 559 14.2 Carrier–to–Interference Ratio (C/I) Criterion, 560 14.3 Measuring C/I, 560 14.4 Estimating C/I, 561 14.5 Threshold to Interference (T/I) Criterion, 562 14.6 Why Estimate T/I, 563 14.7 T/I Estimation—Method One, 564 14.8 T/I Estimation—Method Two, 565 14.9 Conclusion, 569 14.A Appendix, 569 14.B Appendix: Receiver Parameters, 571 References, 572 15 Network Reliability Calculations 573 15.1 Hardware Reliability, 574 15.2 System Reliability, 577 15.3 Communication Systems, 579 15.4 Application to Radio Configurations, 580 15.5 Spare Unit Requirements, 580 15.6 BER Estimation, 583 References, 585 16 Path Performance Calculations 587 16.1 Path Loss, 588 16.2 Fade Margin, 589 16.3 Path Performance, 589 16.4 Allowance for Interference, 590 16.5 North American (NA) Path Performance Calculations, 590 16.6 International Telecommunication Union—Radiocommunication Sector (ITU–R) Path Performance Calculations, 604 16.7 Rain Fading and Obstruction Fading (NA and ITU–R), 614 16.8 Comparing the North American and the ITU–R Flat–Fading Estimates, 614 16.9 Diffraction and Vegetation Attenuation, 621 16.10 Fog Attenuation, 622 16.11 Air Attenuation, 624 16.A Appendix, 631 References, 649 A Microwave Formulas and Tables 653 A.1 General, 653 Table A.1 General, 653 Table A.2 Scientific and Engineering Notation, 654 Table A.3 Emission Designator, 655 Table A.4 Typical Commercial Parabolic Antenna Gain (dBi), 656 Table A.5 Typical Rectangular Waveguide, 656 Table A.6 Typical Rectangular Waveguide Data, 657 Table A.7 Typical Copper Corrugated Elliptical Waveguide Loss, 657 Table A.8 Typical Copper Circular Waveguide Loss, 658 Table A.9 Rectangular Waveguide Attenuation Factors, 659 Table A.10 CommScope Elliptical Waveguide Attenuation Factors, 659 Table A.11 RFS Elliptical Waveguide Attenuation Factors, 660 Table A.12 Elliptical Waveguide Cutoff Frequencies, 660 Table A.13 Circular Waveguide Cutoff Frequencies, 661 Table A.14 Typical Coaxial Microwave Connectors, 663 Table A.15 Coaxial Cable Velocity Factors, 664 Table A.16 50 Ohm Coaxial Cable Attenuation Factors, 664 Table A.17 Frequency Bands, General Users, 665 Table A.18 Frequency Bands, Fixed Point to Point Operators, 665 Table A.19 Frequency Bands, Radar, Space and Satellite Operators, 666 Table A.20 Frequency Bands, Electronic Warfare Operators, 666 Table A.21 Frequency Bands, Great Britain Operators, 666 Table A.22 Signal–to–Noise Ratio for Demodulator 10−6 BER, 667 A.2 Radio Transmission, 668 A.3 Antennas (Far Field), 675 A.4 Near–Field Power Density, 682 A.5 Antennas (Close Coupled), 683 A.6 Path Geometry, 687 A.7 Obstruction Loss, 693 A.8 Mapping, 698 A.9 Towers, 700 A.10 Interpolation, 702 B Personnel and Equipment Safety Considerations 709 B.1 General Safety Guidelines, 709 B.2 Equipment Protection, 711 B.3 Equipment Considerations, 712 B.4 Personnel Protective Equipment, 713 B.5 Accident Prevention Signs, 713 B.6 Tower Climbing, 713 B.7 Hand Tools, 715 B.8 Electrical Powered Tools, 715 B.9 Soldering Irons, 715 B.10 Ladders, 716 B.11 Hoisting or Moving Equipment, 716 B.12 Batteries, 717 B.13 Laser Safety Guidelines, 717 B.14 Safe Use of Lasers and LED in Optical Fiber Communication Systems, 718 B.15 Optical Fiber Communication System (OFCS) Service Groups (SGs), 718 B.16 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), 719 B.17 Maximum Permissible Microwave Radio RF Exposure, 720 B.18 Protect Other Radio Users [FCC], 720 B.19 PAUSE (Prevent all Unplanned Service Events) and Ask Yourself (Verizon and AT&T Operations), 721 B.20 Protect Yourself (Bell System Operations), 721 B.21 Parting Comment, 721 Index 723
- ISBN: 978-0-470-12534-2
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 756
- Fecha Publicación: 13/08/2013
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés