A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science. Lord Kelvin Measurement is at the heart of any engineering and scientific discipline and job function. Whether engineers and scientists are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful data. The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up–to–date reference set on engineering and scientific measurements beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 3 covers measurements in physics, electrical engineering and chemistry: Laser Measurement Techniques Magnetic Force Images using Capacitive Coupling Effect Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Measurement of Light and Color The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks Laboratory–Based Gravity Measurement Cryogenic Measurements Temperature–Dependent Fluorescence Measurements Voltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems Electric Power and Energy Measurement Chemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine–Containing Proteins Fluorescence Spectroscopy X–Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy Nanomaterials Properties Chemical Sensing Vital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for academics and researchers at universities and laboratories. INDICE: VOLUME 3 .List of Contributors xxi .PREFACE xxv .Part VII Physics and Electrical Engineering 1943 .54 Laser Measurement Techniques 1945 Cecil S. Joseph, Gargi Sharma, Thomas M. Goyette, and Robert H. Giles .54.1 Introduction, 1945 .54.2 Laser Measurements: Laser Based Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems, 1965 .54.3 Laser Imaging Techniques, 1974 .References, 1997 .55 Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect 2001 Byung I. Kim .55.1 Introduction, 2001 .55.2 Experiment 2004 .55.3 Results and Discussion 2006 .55.4 Conclusion 2020 .References 2021 .56 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 2025 Kwok Wai Ng .56.1 Introduction 2025 .56.2 Theory of Operation 2026 .56.3 Measurement of the Tunnel Current 2030 .56.4 The Scanner 2032 .56.5 Operating Mode 2035 .56.6 Coarse Approach Mechanism 2036 .56.7 Summary 2041 .References 2042 .57 Measurement of Light and Color 2043 John D. Bullough .57.1 Introduction 2043 .57.2 Lighting Terminology 2043 .57.3 Basic Principles of Photometry and Colorimetry 2056 .57.4 Instrumentation 2072 .References 2074 .58 The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 2075 Clair J. Sullivan .58.1 Introduction 2075 .58.2 Common Interactions of Ionizing Radiation 2076 .58.3 The Measurement of Charge 2077 .58.4 Major Types of Detectors 2081 .58.5 Neutron Detection 2100 .58.6 Concluding Remarks 2106 .References 2106 .59 Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks 2109 Judah Levine .59.1 Introduction 2109 .59.2 A Generic Clock 2109 .59.3 Characterizing the Stability of Clocks and Oscillators 2110 .59.4 Characteristics of Different Types of Oscillators 2117 .59.5 Comparing Clocks and Oscillators 2119 .59.6 Noise Models 2121 .59.7 Measuring Tools and Methods 2126 .59.8 Measurement Strategies 2129 .59.9 The Kalman Estimator 2133 .59.10 Transmitting Time and Frequency Information 2135 .59.11 Examples of the Measurement Strategies 2141 .59.11.1 The Navigation Satellites of the GPS 2141 .59.12 The Polling Interval: How Often Should I Calibrate a Clock? 2152 .59.13 Error Detection 2155 .59.14 Cost Benefit Analysis 2156 .59.15 The National Time Scale 2157 .59.16 Traceability 2158 .59.17 Summary 2159 .59.18 Bibliography 2160 .References 2160 .60 Laboratory Based Gravity Measurement 2163 Charles D. Hoyle Jr. .60.1 Introduction 2163 .60.2 Motivation for Laboratory Scale Tests of Gravitational Physics 2164 .60.3 Parameterization 2165 .60.4 Current Status of Laboratory Scale Gravitational Measurements 2166 .60.5 Torsion Pendulum Experiments 2167 .60.6 Microoscillators and Submicron Tests of Gravity 2177 .60.7 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Techniques 2178 .Acknowledgements 2178 .References 2178 .61 Cryogenic Measurements 2181 Ray Radebaugh .61.1 Introduction 2181 .61.2 Temperature 2182 .61.3 Strain 2201 .61.4 Pressure 2205 .61.5 Flow 2211 .61.6 Liquid Level 2218 .61.7 Magnetic Field 2219 .61.8 Conclusions 2220 .References 2220 .62 Temperature Dependent Fluorescence Measurements 2225 James E. Parks, Michael R. Cates, Stephen W. Allison, David L. Beshears, M. Al Akerman, and Matthew B. Scudiere .62.1 Introduction 2225 .62.2 Advantages of Phosphor Thermometry 2227 .62.3 Theory and Background 2227 .62.4 Laboratory Calibration of Tp Systems 2235 .62.5 History of Phosphor Thermometry 2238 .62.6 Representative Measurement Applications 2239 .62.7 Two Dimensional and Time Dependent Temperature Measurement 2241 .62.8 Conclusion 2243 .References 2243 .63 Voltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems 2245 Carlo Muscas and Nicola Locci .63.1 Introduction 2245 .63.2 Characterization of Voltage and Current Transducers 2247 .63.3 Instrument Transformers 2248 .63.4 Transducers Based on Passive Components 2255 .63.5 Hall Effect and Zero Flux Transducers 2258 .63.6 Air Core Current Transducers: Rogowski Coils 2262 .63.7 Optical Current and Voltage Transducers 2267 .References and Further Reading 2273 .64 Electric Power and Energy Measurement 2275 Alessandro Ferrero and Marco Faifer .64.1 Introduction 2275 .64.2 Power and Energy in Electric Circuits 2276 .64.3 Measurement Methods 2282 .64.4 Wattmeters 2288 .64.5 Transducers 2290 .64.6 Power Quality Measurements 2303 .References 2305 .Part VIII CHEMISTRY 2307 .65 An Overview of Chemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences 2309 Brad Swarbrick and Frank Westad .65.1 Introduction: The Past and Present of Chemometrics 2309 .65.2 Representative Data 2311 .65.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 2317 .65.4 Multivariate Regression 2352 .65.5 Multivariate Classification 2369 .65.6 Techniques for Validating Chemometric Models 2385 .65.7 An Introduction to Mspc 2389 .65.8 Terminology 2397 .65.9 Chapter Summary 2401 .References 2404 .66 Liquid Chromatography 2409 Zhao Li, Sandya Beeram, Cong Bi, Ellis Kaufmann, Ryan Matsuda, Maria Podariu, Elliott Rodriguez, Xiwei Zheng, and David S. Hage .66.1 Introduction 2409 .66.2 Support Materials in Lc 2412 .66.3 Role of the Mobile Phase in Lc 2413 .66.4 Adsorption Chromatography 2414 .66.5 Partition Chromatography 2415 .66.6 Ion Exchange Chromatography 2417 .66.7 Size Exclusion Chromatography 2419 .66.8 Affinity Chromatography 2421 .66.9 Detectors for Liquid Chromatography 2423 .66.10 Other Components of Lc Systems 2426 .Acknowledgements 2427 .References 2427 .67 Mass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine Containing Proteins 2431 Xianquan Zhan and Dominic M. Desiderio .67.1 Introduction 2431 .67.2 Mass Spectrometric Characteristics of Nitropeptides 2434 .67.3 Ms Measurement of in vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins 2443 .67.4 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins 2446 .67.5 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins in Different Pathological Conditions 2449 .67.6 Biological Function Measurement of Nitroproteins 2456 .67.7 Pitfalls of Nitroprotein Measurement 2462 .67.8 Conclusions 2463 .Nomenclature 2464 .Acknowledgments 2465 .References 2465 .68 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 2475 Yevgen Povrozin and Beniamino Barbieri .68.1 Observables Measured in Fluorescence 2476 .68.2 The Perrin Jab on ski Diagram 2476 .68.3 Instrumentation 2479 .68.4 Fluorophores 2486 .68.5 Measurements 2487 .68.6 Conclusions 2498 .References 2498 .Further Reading 2498 .69 X Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 2499 Grant Bunker .69.1 Introduction 2499 .69.2 Basic Physics of X Rays 2499 .69.3 Experimental Requirements 2505 .69.4 Measurement Modes 2507 .69.5 Sources 2507 .69.6 Beamlines 2512 .69.7 Detectors 2518 .69.8 Sample Preparation and Detection Modes 2521 .69.9 Absolute Measurements 2526 .References 2526 .70 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Spectroscopy 2529 Kenneth R. Metz .70.1 Introduction 2529 .70.2 Historical Review 2530 .70.3 Basic Principles of Spin Magnetization 2531 .70.4 Exciting the Nmr Signal 2534 .70.5 Detecting the Nmr Signal 2538 .70.6 Computing the Nmr Spectrum 2540 .70.7 Nmr Instrumentation 2542 .70.8 The Basic Pulsed Ftnmr Experiment 2550 .70.9 Characteristics of Nmr Spectra 2551 .70.10 Nmr Relaxation Effects 2563 .70.11 Dynamic Phenomena in Nmr 2568 .70.12 Multidimensional Nmr 2573 .70.13 Conclusion 2580 .References 2580 .71 Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Role in Scientific and Engineering Applications 2583 Brad Swarbrick .71.1 Introduction to Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Historical Perspectives 2583 .71.2 The Theory Behind Nir Spectroscopy 2588 .71.3 Instrumentation for Nir Spectroscopy 2595 .71.4 Modes of Spectral Collection and Sample Preparation in Nir Spectroscopy 2609 .71.5 Preprocessing of Nir Spectra for Chemometric Analysis 2620 .71.6 A Brief Overview of Applications of Nir Spectroscopy 2633 .71.7 Summary and Future Perspectives 2647 .71.8 Terminology 2648 .References 2652 .72 Nanomaterials Properties 2657 Paul J. Simmonds .72.1 Introduction 2657 .72.2 The Rise of Nanomaterials 2660 .72.3 Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from High Surface Area to Volume Ratio 2661 .72.4 Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from Quantum Confinement 2674 .72.5 Conclusions 2695 .References 2695 .73 Chemical Sensing 2707 W. Rudolf Seitz .73.1 Introduction 2707 .73.2 Electrical Methods 2709 .73.3 Optical Methods 2717 .73.4 Mass Sensors 2722 .73.5 Sensor Arrays (Electronic Nose) 2724 .References 2724 .Index 2727
- ISBN: 978-1-118-64724-0
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 832
- Fecha Publicación: 30/05/2016
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés