Written by an expert in the field, this book covers the principles, architectures, applications, specifications and characterizations of radio receivers In this book, the author introduces the reader to the basic principles and theories of present–day communications receiver technology. The first section of the book presents realization concepts at the system level, taking into consideration the various types of users. Details of the circuitry are described providing the reader with an understanding of fully digitized radio receivers, offering an insight into the state–of–the–art. The remaining sections address radio receivers, particularly as two–port devices. Furthermore, the author outlines the fields of applications (with sample calculations and with reference to practical work) and their features and considers also the specialty of high–quality radio receivers. As can be seen from the multitude of terrestrial applications described in Part II, they are typically used for radio surveillance, signal intelligence, modern radio bearing and at the classical radio services. Parts III and IV describe the entire range of parameters that are useful for the characterization of these receivers. The description starts from the physical effect, or the explanation of the individual parameter, and then proceeds to the measuring technique for determining the parameters, highlighting problems, followed by explanatory notes with applicatory relevance. The measuring procedures described are the result of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing. With the model shown in Part IV, used for the operational evaluation detailing the intrinsic small range of interpretation, the book covers untreated research in the field. The Appendix provides among others valuable information about the dimensioning of receiving systems and the mathematical derivation of non–linear effects and as well as a useful method for converting different level specifications. Key Features: Introduces the basic principles and theories of present–day technology Discusses concepts at system level (aligned to the various types of users) Addresses (fully) digitized radio receivers focusing on the state–of–the–art Close contacts to the industry were utilized to show background information Enables the reader to comprehend and evaluate the characteristic features and the performance of such systems Examines the entire range of parameters that are characteristic of the technology including the physical effect and measuring techniques Includes results of experiences gained in extended laboratory work and practical testing with examples Provides a uniform and systematic approach for ease of understanding e.g. many didactic figures for the visual illustration have been newly created as well as complete real–world examples This book will be an excellent resource to understand the principles of work, for professionals developing and testing radio receivers, for receiver users (e.g. at regulatory agencies, surveillance centers, secret services, classical radio communications services), technicians, engineers and technicians who work with RF–measurement instruments, postgraduate students studying in the field and university lecturers. Chartered radio amateurs and handlers/operators will also find this book insightful. Due to high level of detail, it also serves as a reference. By using the carefully edited alphabetical index with over 1,200 entries, the appropriate explanations can be found quickly in the text. INDICE: About the Author xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv I Functional Principle of Radio Receivers 1 I.1 Some History to Start 1 I.1.1 Resonance Receivers, Fritters, Coherers, and Square–Law Detectors (Detector Receivers) 1 I.1.2 Development of the Audion 2 I.2 Present–Day Concepts 4 I.2.1 Single–Conversion Superhet 4 I.2.2 Multiple–Conversion Superhet 8 I.2.3 Direct Mixer 14 I.2.4 Digital Receiver 17 I.3 Practical Example of an (All–)Digital Radio Receiver 23 I.3.1 Functional Blocks for Digital Signal Processing 25 I.3.2 The A/D Converter as a Key Component 26 I.3.3 Conversion to Zero Frequency 30 I.3.4 Accuracy and Reproducibility 33 I.3.5 VFO for Frequency Tuning 34 I.3.6 Other Required Hardware 36 I.3.7 Receive Frequency Expansion by Subsampling 37 I.4 Practical Example of a Portable Wideband Radio Receiver 39 I.4.1 Analog RF Frontend for a Wide Receive Frequency Range 40 I.4.2 Subsequent Digital Signal Processing 42 I.4.3 Demodulation with Received Signal Level Measurement 43 I.4.4 Spectral Resolution of the Frequency Occupancy 45 References 46 Further Reading 48 II Fields of Use and Applications of Radio Receivers 49 II.1 Prologue 49 II.2 Wireless Telecontrol 50 II.2.1 Radio Ripple Control 52 II.3 Non–Public Radio Services 54 II.3.1 Air Traffic Radio 54 II.3.2 Maritime Radio 56 II.3.3 Land Radio 58 II.3.4 Amateur Radio 60 II.3.5 Mobile Radio 63 II.4 Radio Intelligence, Radio Surveillance 64 II.4.1 Numerous Signal Types 64 II.4.2 Searching and Detecting 69 II.4.3 Monitoring Emissions 75 II.4.4 Classifying and Analyzing Radio Scenarios 78 II.4.5 Receiver Versus Spectrum Analyzer 81 II.5 Direction Finding and Radio Localization 83 II.5.1 Basic Principles of Radio Direction Finding 83 II.5.2 Radio Reconnaissance and Radio Surveillance 94 II.5.3 Aeronautical Navigation and Air Traffic Control 98 II.5.4 Marine Navigation and Maritime Traffic 100 II.6 Terrestrial Radio Broadcast Reception 101 II.7 Time Signal Reception 104 II.8 Modern Radio Frequency Usage and Frequency Economy 107 II.8.1 Trunked Radio Networks 107 II.8.2 Cognitive Radio 108 References 109 Further Reading 112 III Receiver Characteristics and their Measurement 113 III.1 Objectives and Benefits 113 III.2 Preparations for Metrological Investigations 114 III.2.1 The Special Case of Correlative Noise Suppression 115 III.2.2 The Special Case of Digital Radio Standards 116 III.3 Receiver Input Matching and Input Impedance 118 III.3.1 Measuring Impedance and Matching 120 III.3.2 Measuring Problems 121 III.4 Sensitivity 121 III.4.1 Limitations Set by Physics 122 III.4.2 Noise Factor and Noise Figure 123 III.4.3 Measuring the Noise Figure 125 III.4.4 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth 127 III.4.5 Minimum Discernible Signal 129 III.4.6 Measuring the Minimum Discernible Signal 130 III.4.7 Input Noise Voltage 131 III.4.8 Signal–to–Interference Ratio (SIR) and Operational Sensitivity (S+N)/N, SINAD 132 III.4.9 De–emphasis 136 III.4.10 Usable and Suitable Sensitivity 138 III.4.11 Maximum Signal–to–Interference Ratio 144 III.4.12 Measuring the Operational Sensitivity and Maximum SIR 145 III.4.13 Measuring Problems 147 III.5 Spurious Reception 147 III.5.1 Origin of Inherent Spurious Response 147 III.5.2 Measuring Inherent Spurious Response 148 III.5.3 Reception and Suppression of Image Frequencies 149 III.5.4 IF Interference and IF Interference Ratio 151 III.5.5 Reception of Other Interfering Signals 152 III.5.6 Measuring the Spurious Signal Reception 153 III.5.7 The Special Case of Linear Crosstalk 153 III.5.8 Measuring the Linear Crosstalk Suppression 154 III.5.9 Measuring Problems 155 III.6 Near Selectivity 156 III.6.1 Receive Bandwidth and Shape Factor 157 III.6.2 Measuring the Receive Bandwidth 158 III.6.3 Adjacent Channel Suppression 160 III.6.4 Measuring the Adjacent Channel Suppression 160 III.6.5 Measuring Problems 161 III.7 Reciprocal Mixing 162 III.7.1 Single Sideband Noise 162 III.7.2 Non–Harmonic (Close to Carrier) Distortions 166 III.7.3 Sensitivity Reduction by Reciprocal Mixing 166 III.7.4 Measuring Reciprocal Mixing 169 III.7.5 Measuring Problems 171 III.8 Blocking 171 III.8.1 Compression in the RF Frontend or the IF Section 171 III.8.2 AGC Response to Interfering Signals 172 III.8.3 Reduction of Signal–to–Interference Ratio by Blocking 172 III.8.4 Measuring the Blocking Effect 173 III.8.5 Measuring Problems 174 III.9 Intermodulation 174 III.9.1 Origin of Intermodulation 174 III.9.2 Second–and Third–Order Intermodulation 175 III.9.3 Higher Order Intermodulation 181 III.9.4 The Special Case of Electromechanical, Ceramic and Quartz Filters 182 III.9.5 The Special Case of A/D Converted and Digitally Processed Signals 183 III.9.6 Intermodulation Immunity 185 III.9.7 Maximum Intermodulation–Limited Dynamic Range 185 III.9.8 Intercept Point 186 III.9.9 Effective Intercept Point (Receiver Factor or . . .) 187 III.9.10 Measuring the Intermodulation Immunity 188 III.9.11 Measuring Problems 190 III.9.12 In–band Intermodulation and Non–Linear Crosstalk 195 III.9.13 Measurement of the In–band Intermodulation 198 III.10 Cross–Modulation 199 III.10.1 Generation 199 III.10.2 Ionospheric Cross–Modulation 201 III.10.3 Measuring the Cross–Modulation Immunity 203 III.10.4 Measuring Problems 204 III.11 Quality Factor of Selective RF Preselectors under Operating Conditions 204 III.11.1 Increasing the Dynamic Range by High–Quality Preselection 205 III.11.2 Measuring the Frequency Response 207 III.12 Large–Signal Behaviour in General 209 III.12.1 Concrete Example 209 III.12.2 The IP3 Interpretation Fallacy 212 III.13 Audio Reproduction Properties 213 III.13.1 AF Frequency Response 213 III.13.2 Measuring the AF Frequency Response 214 III.13.3 Reproduction Quality and Distortions 214 III.13.4 Measuring the Demodulation Harmonic Distortion 217 III.13.5 Measuring Problems 218 III.14 Behaviour of the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 218 III.14.1 Static Control Behaviour 218 III.14.2 Measuring the Static Control Behaviour 219 III.14.3 Time–Dynamic Control Behaviour 219 III.14.4 Measuring the Time–Dynamic Control Behaviour 221 III.15 Long–Term Frequency Stability 223 III.15.1 Measuring the Long–Term Frequency Stability 224 III.15.2 Measuring Problems 225 III.16 Characteristics of the Noise Squelch 226 III.16.1 Measuring the Squelch Threshold 227 III.17 Receiver Stray Radiation 227 III.17.1 Measuring the Receiver Stray Radiation 229 III.17.2 Measuring Problems 230 III.18 (Relative) Receive Signal Strength and S Units 230 III.18.1 Definitions and Predetermined Levels of S Units 233 III.18.2 Measuring the Accuracy of the Relative Signal Strength Indication 234 III.18.3 Measuring Problems 234 III.19 AM Suppression in the F3E Receiving Path 236 III.19.1 Measuring the AM Suppression 237 III.20 Scanning Speed in Search Mode 238 III.20.1 Measuring the Scanning Speed 239 References 240 Further Reading 242 IV Practical Evaluation of Radio Receivers (A Model) 245 IV.1 Factual Situation 245 IV.2 Objective Evaluation of Characteristics in Practical Operation 245 IV.2.1 Hardly Equal Conditions 247 IV.2.2 No Approximation Possible 247 IV.3 Information Gained in Practical Operation 249 IV.3.1 Help of a Reference Unit 252 IV.3.2 A Fine Distinction is Hardly Possible or Necessary 253 IV.4 Interpretation (and Contents of the ‘Table of operational PRACTICE’) 253 IV.4.1 The Gain in Information 254 IV.5 Specific Equipment Details 255 References 255 Further Reading 255 V Concluding Information 257 V.1 Cascade of Noisy Two–Ports (Overall Noise Performance) 257 V.2 Cascade of Intermodulating Two–Ports (Overall Intermodulation Performance) 260 V.2.1 Overall Third–Order Intercept Point 261 V.2.2 Overall Second–Order Intercept Point 262 V.2.3 Computer–Aided Calculations 263 V.3 Mathematical Description of the Intermodulation Formation 264 V.3.1 Second–Order Intermodulation 265 V.3.2 Third–Order Intermodulation 266 V.3.3 Other Terms in the Transfer Characteristic Polynomial 267 V.4 Mixing and Derivation of Spurious Reception 269 V.4.1 Mixing=Multiplication 269 V.4.2 Ambiguous Mixing Process 271 V.5 Characteristics of Emission Classes According to the ITU RR 272 V.6 Geographic Division of the Earth by Region According to ITU RR 272 V.7 Conversion of dB. . . Levels 272 V.7.1 Voltage, Current and Power Levels 276 V.7.2 Electric and Magnetic Field Strength, (Power) Flux Density Levels 278 References 278 Further Reading 279 List of Tables 281 Index 283
- ISBN: 978-1-118-50320-1
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 320
- Fecha Publicación: 17/01/2014
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés